tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57970710318250924202024-03-05T08:51:13.948+01:00Premier âge roman en NormandieEtudes et recherches sur les églises du premier âge roman dans l'Eure et en Seine-Maritime.
Par Nicolas WasylyszynNicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-20789795274144212102018-11-04T08:45:00.000+01:002018-11-04T10:55:48.371+01:00<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16.0pt;">L’église Saint-Martin à Armentières-sur-Avre :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16.0pt;">Histoire et architecture</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt;">1-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">L’église Saint-Martin à Armentières-sur-Avre est située
dans l'Eure au nord de la nationale 12 dans l’un des hameaux constituant cette
commune à l’habitat dispersé.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Comme la plupart des édifices ruraux romans du XIe
siècle, cette église a peu retenu l’attention des historiens de l’art. En
effet, ce type d’église ne comporte aucun détail architectural remarquable et
aucune sculpture. Le développement ces dernières années de l’archéologie du
bâti a fait évoluer la connaissance de ces bâtiments qui sont les plus anciens
encore en élévation dans le paysage de nos campagnes. Ainsi, cette église
Saint-Martin d’Armentières-sur-Avre n’a quasiment jamais été citée dans les
ouvrages spécialisés hormis dans le livre intitulé <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le Grison, une pierre étrange dans l’histoire du bâti entre Val de
Seine et bords du Loir </i>(1).</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pourtant cet édifice mérite une étude plus fine tant pour
son histoire que pour son architecture dont certains éléments remontent au
moins au milieu du XIe siècle.</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt;">2- Origines historiques.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Le toponyme d’Armentières est cité une
première fois dans un acte de l’abbaye Saint-Père de Chartres entre 965 et 983
sous la forme : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Armentariae </i>(2)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>Ce nom de lieu de tradition
latino-romane a pour signification étable ou enclos pour le bétail (3).
L’origine de ce nom peut être ancienne. Par ailleurs, le vocable Saint-Martin
peut faire remonter les origines d’Armentières-sur-Avre à l’époque
mérovingienne. En effet, l’étude de Jean Fournée sur le vocable Saint-Martin
montre que beaucoup d’églises portant ce nom remontent au haut Moyen-Age (4).
Cette hypothèse semble être confirmée par les découvertes archéologiques
réalisées ces cent dernières années. Néanmoins, nous ne pouvons que rester au
stade des hypothèses sur l’éventuelle ancienneté de ce site car aucune datation
au radiocarbone des charbons de bois ou fragments de bois présents dans les
mortiers n'a été réalisée.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">En revanche, dans une charte de
l’abbaye Saint-Père de Chartres, il est mentionné la donation de cette église à
cet établissement religieux entre 965 et 983 (5). L’ouvrage d’Astrid
Lemoine-Descourtieux consacré à la frontière normande de l’Avre montre bien que
cette abbaye avait de nombreuses possessions de part et d’autre de la frontière
entre le duché de Normandie et les Comté de Chartres et de Dreux (5). La
plupart de ces dons consentis par des seigneurs plus ou moins puissants ont été
réalisés entre la seconde moitié du Xe et la première décennie du XIe siècle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cette église située sur la rive droite
de l’Avre appartenait de fait à l’évêché de Chartres en terre française et
malgré les aléas de l’histoire et des conflits qui ont secoué cette région,
elle resta dans la sphère française.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Carte de Cassini, secteur de la vallée de l'Avre.</span></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt;">3- Description et interprétation architecturales.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">L’église Saint-Martin à
Armentières-sur-Avre est constituée de deux volumes, une nef longue formant un
seul vaisseau large et haut se prolongeant à l’est par un chœur plus étroit qui
se termine par une abside semi-circulaire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cet édifice de grandes dimensions peut
surprendre pour un village aussi peu peuplé et qui ne semble pas avoir eu une
grande importance même dans l’histoire. Mais la taille de cette église peut
s’expliquer, là encore, par son rattachement attesté dès le Xe siècle à la
grande abbaye de Saint-Père de Chartres. En effet, cet établissement religieux
est connu pour avoir bien doté les églises qu'il avait en gestion cultuelle. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">3-1 La nef.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">- Le mur nord.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Le mur nord de la nef est construit essentiellement,
hormis quelques reprises plus tardives, en petits modules de silex locaux liés
à du mortier fait d’un mélange de chaux et de sable jaune, sans aucun doute
d'origine locale. Par endroit, on distingue une mise en œuvre en épi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">opus spicatum</i>) de ce petit appareillage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">A l’origine, ce mur n’était raidi par
aucun contrefort. Ces derniers semblent avoir été ajouté au XVIe siècle lors
des travaux de charpente et de construction du clocher. En effet, le type de
construction très élaboré de ces contreforts et l’emploi de gros modules de
grès montrent qu’ils ont été édifiés après la guerre de Cent Ans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Concernant les ouvertures percées dans
ce mur, il ne subsiste de la construction d’origine qu’une seule petite fenêtre
haute, celle-ci ayant été très légèrement recoupé à sa droite par un
contrefort. Cette baie est constituée par des piédroits faits de cinq pierres
de grison. Ceux-ci sont surmontés d’un linteau monolithe en grès sur lequel
sont gravés de faux claveaux. Cette ouverture n’a pas de pierre en appui. Ce
type de baie est typique de la construction religieuse entre le Xe et le milieu
du XIe siècle pour le quart Nord-Ouest de la France. La hauteur de cette
dernière et sa largeur sont néanmoins plus importantes que ce qui est observé
sur les édifices les plus anciens de la seconde moitié du Xe siècle tels que
Calleville ou Pierre Ronde (6).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ce mur a par la suite été repercé par
de grandes baies gothiques à la charnière des XIVe et XVIe siècles. Une seule
subsiste sur la troisième travée de la nef. Les ouvertures de la première et
quatrième travée ont été refaites au XIXe siècle avec un encadrement de
briques. L’appui de la baie du XVIe siècle de la première travée est néanmoins
encore visible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ce mur nord était à l’origine enduit,
de nombreuses traces de ce couvrement en mortier des maçonneries sont encore
visibles.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">- Le mur sud.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Le mur sud de la nef est construit de
la même manière que le mur nord, soit en petits silex montés en assises
régulières et disposés en épi par endroit. Cette maçonnerie n’est pas à
l’origine raidie par des contreforts. C’est au XIIe siècle qu’un contrefort
plat est édifié en grison sur le premier tiers occidental de ce mur.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Des ouvertures d’origine, il ne reste
aucune trace. Les baies existantes sont plus tardives. Deux d’entre elles ont
été percées au XIIe siècle, elles sont encadrées de pierre de grison et sont
surmontées d’un arc en plein cintre. Elles ont été très fortement remaniées au
XIXe siècle, surtout la plus occidentale dont on ne voit que des traces assez diffuses.
La plus orientale est quasiment complète mais elle a été agrandie sur sa partie
basse avec l’ajout de briques sur les piédroits et l’appui. Deux fenêtres
gothiques tardives identiques à celles du chœur et du mur nord de la nef ont
été repercées à la charnière du XVe et XVIe siècles à l’ouest et à l’est de
cette maçonnerie.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Façade sud de la nef.</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Fenêtre romane tardive sur la façade sud de la nef.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Fenêtre gothique tardive postérieure à la guerre de Cent Ans.</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">- la façade occidentale et le clocher<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Le mur occidental de l’église a été
très fortement remanié et ne comporte aucune trace de construction aussi
ancienne que les autres murs de la nef. La partie basse semble avoir été très
refaite au XIIe siècle avec l’apport de contreforts plats encadrant la porte
d’entrée et aux angles sud-ouest et nord-ouest de l’édifice. Ces deux derniers
contreforts semblent avoir été remaniés voire en partie reconstruits avec les
mêmes matériaux au XVIe siècle, peut-être lors des travaux de construction du
clocher. La porte occidentale a été repercée au XVIe siècle. Il s’agit d’une
ouverture gothique tardive avec des gros modules de grès en encadrement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">La tour-clocher a été construite lors
de la réfection totale de la charpente après la guerre de Cent Ans entre la fin
du XVe et le XVIe siècle. Celle-ci ne repose pas sur les maçonneries de
l’église mais sur un portique en bois.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ce clocher a été restauré récemment.
Un temps couvert d’ardoise, il a reçu lors des travaux de restauration une
couverture de tuiles de bois comme cela devait être le cas à l’origine de sa
construction.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">3-2 Le chœur.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">- le mur nord.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSy3CdLPtVJb6TKda0tl4v-rg9V1DgHwEJVKjYGKIb8dIcDmUXTy_cef0wM6Mkl5WGbjVV9G_exaOseHfzypFb8D-7LSzu_8yFiyZELbVmp9uTaGkJOCEQeePt9ximfDH-QgvHKUjEQ1w/s1600/11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="782" data-original-width="1600" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSy3CdLPtVJb6TKda0tl4v-rg9V1DgHwEJVKjYGKIb8dIcDmUXTy_cef0wM6Mkl5WGbjVV9G_exaOseHfzypFb8D-7LSzu_8yFiyZELbVmp9uTaGkJOCEQeePt9ximfDH-QgvHKUjEQ1w/s640/11.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Comme les maçonneries de la nef, Le
mur nord du chœur est construit essentiellement en petits moellons de silex
locaux liés à du mortier fait d’un mélange de chaux et de sable jaune local.
Par endroit, on distingue une mise en œuvre en épi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">opus spicatum</i>) de ce petit appareillage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ce mur est raidi par un contrefort
plat en grison à l’est à la limite du commencement de l’abside.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cette façade est percée du même type
de baies gothiques tardives que celles de la nef et du mur sud du chœur. Aucune
trace des éventuelles ouvertures d’origine n’a été conservée.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">- Le mur sud.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Le mur sud du chœur est construit de
la même manière que le mur nord en petit silex en assises régulières. Ce mur
est raidi par un contrefort plat en grison à l’est à la limite du commencement
de l’abside.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cette façade du chœur est percée de
deux fenêtres. La baie située à l’ouest est vraisemblablement romane tardive. Comme
celles du mur sud de la nef, elle est surmontée d’une arcature clavetée en
plein cintre faite de pierres de grison. Les piédroits et l’appui de cette
ouverture ont été refaits au XVIe siècle ou à une époque plus tardive avec de
gros blocs monolithes en grès. La fenêtre située à l’est du mur est identique
aux autres baies gothiques tardives de cet édifice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Une porte à linteau plat et
encadrement de bois de chêne a été repercée sous la baie romane du XIIe siècle
à une période indéterminée.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">- L’abside.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Même si l’on distingue que cette
abside est construite en silex noyé dans du mortier de chaux et de sable, la
lecture de cette maçonnerie est rendue difficile par la présence de plusieurs
couches d’enduits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cette abside est raidie par un
contrefort central situé sous la baie axiale. Ce type de dispositif se
rencontre plus particulièrement sur les édifices romans construits aux
alentours du milieu du XIe siècle (7). La fenêtre axiale est de facture
analogue de celle encore conservée sur le mur nord de la nef. Elle est
constituée de quatre pierres en piédroits en grison et en grès surmontés d’une
pierre monolithe calcaire évidée à la base pour former un arc de plein cintre.
Ce linteau est gravé de faux claveaux. Il est possible que les grès des
piédroits soient issus d’un remaniement plus tardif de cette baie. Une autre
fenêtre à arc de plein cintre a été percée sur le mur de l’abside. La forme de
cette fenêtre peut indiquer qu’elle fut aménagée au XIIe siècle. Néanmoins,
l’absence de pierres taillées encadrant cette baie rend difficile cette
hypothèse.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Au
XIXe siècle, une porte avec encadrement de briques a été également percée sur
l’abside afin de desservir la sacristie installée derrière le maître-autel. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 16.0pt;">4- l’intérieur.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">4-1 Charpente et couvrement.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">La charpente
de l’église a été entièrement refaite au XVIe siècle. C’est une structure de
chêne à chevrons formant ferme destinée à recevoir une voûte lambrissée assez
typique des charpentes construites à partir du XVe siècle et très répandues au
XVIe siècle. La période qui succède la guerre de Cent Ans voit un essor dans la
construction religieuse et la restauration des églises. Les voûtes lambrissées
de la nef et du chœur ont été refaites à une époque tardive.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">4-2 Les peintures murales.</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Les
murs intérieurs ont été repeints à différentes reprises. Néanmoins on distingue
à différents endroits des traces de décors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ainsi sur le mur ouest a été découvert un décor très élaboré en trompe
l’œil datant, vu le style baroque, du XVIIe ou du début du XVIIIe siècle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">D’autres
traces de polychromie du XVIe siècle apparaissent sous les enduits modernes
notamment des faux appareillages et des fleurs de lys.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt;">5- Conclusion.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Cette
première étude historique et archéologique de l’église Saint-Martin à
Armentières-sur-Avre montre que les parties les plus anciennes de cet édifice
remontent au moins au milieu du XIe siècle. Néanmoins la question des origines
de la construction de certaines parties de cette église reste posée. Il n’est
en effet pas encore exclu que la nef soit plus ancienne que l’abside. En effet,
celle-ci n’est raidie par aucun contrefort. En revanche, la ressemblance entre
les petites baies de ces deux parties de l’édifice ne va pas en faveur de cette
hypothèse. La seule méthode pour résoudre cette question serait de dater des
éléments de bois prélevés dans les mortiers comme cela a déjà été fait pour les
églises euroises de Pierre Ronde à Mesnil-en-Ouche, Calleville, Condé-sur-Risle
et Reuilly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Dans
l’état actuel des connaissances, il est possible d’affirmer que cette église a
quatre grandes phases de constructions et de remaniements. La majorité des murs
de ce bâtiment remonte au moins au milieu du XIe siècle et deux baies datent de
cette période. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Au
XIIe siècle cette église a connu des premiers remaniements avec le percement de
fenêtres sur les murs nord de la nef et du chœur et le renforcement du mur sud
de la nef par un contrefort en grison. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Au
XVIe siècle, après la guerre de Cent Ans, des baies gothiques ont été percées
sur les murs nord et sud de l’édifice. Durant la même période la charpente fut
refaite, le clocher construit et la façade fut profondément remaniée. C’est
également à cette époque que le mur nord de la nef a été raidi par des
contreforts en grès. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Au
XIXe siècle, certaines fenêtres gothiques ont été remaniées ou refaites. Une
porte a été également percée sur l’abside afin de desservir la sacristie
installée derrière le maître-autel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Une
étude scientifique du bâti plus poussée pourrait affiner la connaissance de la
chronologie relative et absolue de cette église et ainsi de mieux connaître son
histoire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nicolas
Wasylyszyn</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ingénieur du Patrimoine<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Unité Départementale de l’Architecture et du Patrimoine de l’Eure – DRAC de
Normandie<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">Membre du Centre de
Recherches Archéologiques et Historiques Anciennes et Médiévales<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">UMR 6273
(CNRS/Université de Caen Normandie)</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(1) Montenat C. (dir.),
Lemoine-Descourtieux A., Wasylyszyn Nicolas, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le Grison, une pierre étrange dans l’histoire du bâti entre Val de
Seine et bords du Loir</i>, Association des Géologues du Bassin de Paris
(Mémoire hors-série n°8 de l’AGBP) et Amis des Monuments et Sites de l’Eure,
Beauvais, 2012, 128 p.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(2) Charpillon et
Caresme, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dictionnaire historique de
toutes les communes du département de l’Eure</i>, Tome I, Les Andelys,
Delacroix, 1868, p. 143.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(3) Beaurepaire F. de, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les noms des communes et anciennes paroisses
de l'Eure</i>, Paris, Picard, 1979, p.55.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(4) Dr Fournée J., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Enquête sur le culte populaire de saint
Martin en Normandie</i>, Cahiers Léopold Delisle, 1963.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(5) Le moine
Descourtieux A., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La frontière Normande de
l’Avre, De la Fondation de la Normandie à sa réunion au domaine royal</i>
(911-1204), PURH, Rouen, 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(6) Wasylyszyn N,
"Aux origines de l'architecture romane (950-1050<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">)", Les Eglises de l'Eure à l'épreuve du temps</i>, sous la
direction de France Poulain, Avrilly, Les étoiles du Patrimoine, 2015, p.21-25.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(7) Wasylyszyn Nicolas,
« Saint-Philbert-sur-Risle de la Collégiale Saint-Philbert au Prieuré
Saint-Pierre », Bulletin des Amis des Monuments et Sites de l’Eure, n° 143,
Evreux, Amis des Monuments et Sites de l’Eure, Juin 2012.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-46126281776078592722018-11-01T13:10:00.003+01:002018-11-04T10:56:13.196+01:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Églises préromanes et romanes précoces de l’Eure et de la Seine-Maritime<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 24px;"><b>Décors sculptés des églises romanes précoces</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">La quasi-totalité des églises romanes précoces de l'Eure et de la Seine-Maritime sont dépourvues de décors sculptés. En effet, ces constructions sont très austères avec leur murs en petit appareillage de pierres calcaires ou de silex souvent disposés en <i>opus spicatum</i>. Les décors les plus fréquents se retrouvent sur certains linteaux monolithes où sont gravés de faux claveaux. A cette constatation, il existe trois exceptions que sont les églises Saint-Martin à Coudray-en-Vexin (Canton de Gisors, Eure), Saint-Michel (canton de Barentin, Seine-Maritime) et Saint-Arnoul à Coulonges (commune de Sylvains-lès-Moulins, canton de Verneuil, Eure).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pour Saint-Martin à Coudray-en-Vexin, ce sont, selon Jacques Le Maho, des représentations de saint Martin. L'une des faces de cette pierre du chaînage d'angle sud-ouest de la nef représente saint Martin partageant son manteau. L'autre côté serait une représentation de saint Martin cassant les idoles.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Un autre décor sculpté est présent sur cette église au niveau du tailloir est de l'arcature de l'ancien bras nord du transept disparu. Il s'agit de bâtons brisés archaïques.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Saint-Martin partageant son manteau.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">saint Martin cassant les idoles.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Décors de bâtons brisés sur le tailloir oriental de l'arcature de l'ancien bras nord du transept.</span></b></div>
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Concernant l'église Saint-Michel à Bardouville, le décor sculpté se trouve sur le linteau monolithe de la porte sud de la nef. Il représente deux arcatures en plein cintre géminées dans desquels se trouvent un religieux.</div>
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Pour l'église Saint-Arnoul à Coulonges, deux décors sculptés se trouvent sur les linteaux monolithes des fenêtres romanes précoces percées sur le mur nord de la nef. L'un d'entre eux se compose de décors géométriques. L'autre représente un personnage dont les membres sont écartés. L’interprétation de cette sculpture est difficile. S'agit-il d'une représentation du Christ en croix ou d'un autre saint ? Il est pour le moment, dans l'état actuel de nos connaissances difficile de réponde à cette interrogation. </div>
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Ces différents décors sculptés mériteraient une étude plus fine en les comparant avec des exemples provenant d'autres régions de la moitié nord de la France.</div>
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Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-70895316310098384832018-04-30T10:50:00.000+02:002018-04-30T10:24:05.439+02:00<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Inventaire et observations sur les églises</span></b></div>
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<b><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Romanes précoces de l’Eure et de la Seine-Maritime.</span></b></b><br />
<b><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">(Xe-XIe siècles).</span></b></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">L’architecture romane précoce a depuis longtemps retenu l’attention de nombreux historiens de l’art et archéologues qui ont défini les critères remarquables de ces édifices (1). Récemment, les travaux de Jacques Le Maho et Jim Morganstern (2) sur l’église de Saint-Pierre de Jumièges ont permis d’avancer sur ce sujet en reculant la date d’édification de ce monument du XIe au IXe siècle. Ces recherches sur l’architecture et l’art préroman sont menées également en Bourgogne, en Champagne et dans les Pays de Loire sous la direction de Christian Sapin (3).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">En 1997, un pré-inventaire des édifices dédiés à Saint-Martin, réalisé dans le cadre du XVIe centenaire de ce saint, avait mis en valeur le caractère précoce de plusieurs églises par rapport aux canons de l’architecture de la seconde moitié du XIe siècle (4). Sur les bases de ce premier travail, un inventaire plus large a été réalisé sur les églises présentant des archaïsmes architecturaux en Haute-Normandie et notamment dans l’Eure. Dans ce département, ce corpus regroupe actuellement cinquante-quatre, identifiées comme romanes précoces.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">L’une des problématiques de cette étude est la question de la datation. Jusqu’à une date récente, les édifices concernés étaient classés comme indatables ou comme ayant été construits vers la seconde moitié du XIe siècle, voir au début du XIIe siècle. Certains historiens de l’art y voyaient un archaïsme rural. Or, de recherches récentes menées en Bourgogne et dans les Pays de Loire ont montré que des bâtiments cultuels comparables avaient été édifiés durant la seconde moitié du Xe siècle et les premières décennies du XIe siècle. Ces datations ont été possibles grâce à des éléments organiques retrouvés dans les mortiers et qui ont été datés par radiocarbone.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>1-Les caractéristiques architecturales des églises romanes précoces</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>1-1 Les maçonneries et leur mise en oeuvre</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">L’appareillage des maçonneries de ces églises est généralement constitué d’un petit appareillage de silex ou de moellons calcaires. Ces matériaux sont souvent disposés en opus spicatum comme les églises Saint-Martin à Civières (canton d’Ecos, Eure) et Saint-Chistophe à Reuilly (canton d’Evreux II, Eure). Dans quelques cas, on observe des appareillages en opus vittatum avec des pastoureaux ou petits moellons calcaires comme à l’église Saint-Pierre à Courdemanche (canton de Verneuil-sur-Avre, Eure) et à l’église Saint-Georges à Quessigny (canton de Saint-André de l’Eure, Eure), avec parfois des alternances de lits de briques comme les églises Saint-Martin à Condé-sur-Risle (canton de Pont-Audemer, Eure), Notre-Dame-d’outre-l’Eau à Rugles (canton de Breteuil, Eure), Saint-Martin à Coudray-en-Vexin (canton de Gisors, Eure) et Saint-Georges à Saint-Georges-Motel (canton de Saint-André-de-l’Eure, Eure).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Ces églises ont toutes comme particularité de n’avoir aucun contrefort d’origine bien que pour les plus petites cela ne soit pas nécessairement un indice de datation. En revanche, pour les plus grandes comme Saint-Martin à Neaufles-Saint-Martin (Canton de Gisors, Eure) ou Saint-Georges à Saint-Georges-Motel (Canton de Nonancourt Eure), cette absence peut être un indice de précocité par rapport aux édifices romans postérieurs au milieu du XIe siècle comme l’église de Saint-Jean d’Abbetot (Commune de la Cerlangue, canton de Saint-Romain-de-Colbosc,Seine-Maritime) ou les collégiales Saint-Georges à Saint-Martin-de-Boscherville (canton de Duclair, Seine-Maritime), fouillée par Jacques Le Maho (5) et Saint-Pierre à Saint-Philbert-sur-Risle (canton de Pont-Audemer, Eure), fouillée par Isabelle Cartron et Nicolas Wasylyszyn (6).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>1-2 Les ouvertures : Baies et portes.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Ces édifices religieux sont souvent percés de petites fenêtres en plein cintre surmontées soit de claveaux très fins, plus étroits que ceux églises romanes, soit d’un linteau monolithe, gravé de faux claveaux dans la plupart des cas. Ces baies n'ont pas de pierre d'appui à leur base. Les fenêtres clavetées peuvent dans certains cas être très large pouvant dépasser un mètre alors que les baies à linteau monolithe ont une largeur pour l'ouverture extérieure variant entre sept et treize centimètres.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">D'après les dernières datations opérées les baies clavetées ou à linteau monolithe peuvent être contemporaines.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Il existe peu de portes d'églises datant du premier âge roman (Seconde moitié du Xe siècle-première moitié du XIe siècle). En effet, elles ont souvent disparu et ont été remplacées par des portes plus grandes ou sculptées, parfois dès le XIIe siècle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sur les quatre-vingt-quatre églises romanes précoces recensées dans l'Eure et la Seine-Maritime, seules 9 d'entre elles ont une porte pouvant dater de leur première phase d<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">e construction : Saint-Médard à Ailly (Eure), Saint-Michel à Bardouville (Seine-Maritime), Saint-Martin à Condé-sur-Risle (Eure), Saint-Pierre à Fains (Eure), </span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Saint-Antonin à Hautot-sur-Seine, </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Saint-Martin à Neaufles-Saint-Martin (Eure), Saint-Georges à Romilly-sur-Andelle (Eure), Saint-Georges à Saint-Georges-Motel (Eure) et Saint-Sulpice à Tosny (Eure).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Ailly</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>1-3 Les éléments sculptés</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Nous n’avons aucun élément sculpté pour les églises considérées, hormis
les cas exceptionnels de Saint-Martin à Coudray-en-Vexin qui possède une pierre
d’angle sculptée sur deux faces, représentant deux scènes de la vie de Saint
Martin (7), de Saint-Arnoul à Coulonges (Commune de Sylvains-lès-Moulins) avec
deux linteaux monolithes de baies décorés et de Saint-Michel à Bardouvile avec
un linteau monolithe de porte sculpté.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Concernant le plan de ces édifices, nous remarquons que ces bâtiments sont majoritairement composés d’une nef rectangulaire à un vaisseau unique, prolongée soit par un chœur plus étroit à chevet plat, comme à Saint-Chistophe à Reuilly, soit par une abside semi-circulaire, comme pour l’église Saint-Georges à Saint-Georges-Motel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Les plan en croix latine sont plus rares néanmoins, il en existe quelques exemples tels que les églises de Cailly, de Coudray-en-Vexin, </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">de Dampierre-en-Bray et de Ménerval.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>1-4 Les Plans</b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ménerval</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Cailly</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>2- La question de la datation.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>2-1 Les sources écrites.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Les textes de la période antérieure à Guillaume le Conquérant sont rares et ne parlent que très peu des constructions d’édifices cultuels. Quelques églises parmi celles concernées par notre étude sont bien mentionnées dans des textes du début du XIe siècle comme Saint-Martin à Coudres (canton de Saint-André-de-l’Eure, Eure), mentionnée en 1013 (8). Mais ces écrits ne nous donnent aucune description nous permettant d’affirmer que nous sommes en présence de l’édifice actuel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Le seul édifice dont la construction est mentionnée dans un texte antérieur à l’an mil est l’église de Saint-Georges-Motel. Une charte de 965 mentionne en effet l’édification d’un bâtiment cultuel Saint Georges sur cette localité (9) au moment où celui-ci est donné à l’Abbaye Saint-Père de Chartres (Eure-et-Loir). En raison des caractéristiques architecturales de cette église et compte tenu de cette source écrite, on est en droit de se poser la question de son origine et d’une datation de la seconde moitié du Xe siècle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>2-2 Les vocables et les toponymes.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Les vocables d’églises et les toponymes ne sont pas des moyens de datation fiables même s’ils peuvent donner, en revanche, des indications sur l’ancienneté de la paroisse. Ainsi, la plupart des vocables des édifices attribués au roman précoce sont en général attestés dès le haut Moyen Âge. Les dédicaces les plus fréquentes sont Saint-Martin, Saint-Pierre et Notre-Dame. Nous trouvons également pour ces églises des vocables tels que Saint-Georges ou Saint-Étienne.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Cette remarque est également vraie pour les toponymes des sites d’implantation de ces églises. Ils sont souvent d’origine latine gallo-romaine comme Condé-sur-Risle, Quessigny, Reuilly et Cailly ou germanique comme Courdemanche.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>2-3 Les datations par radiocarbone.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Depuis quelques années, des chercheurs comme Christian Sapin et Daniel Prigent ont réalisé des datations au radiocarbone à partir de charbons de bois ou de bois prélevés dans les mortiers d'églises ayant les mêmes caractéristiques architecturales que celles abordées dans cet article.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Ces analyses ont donné des résultats montrant que ces édifices cultuels pouvaient avoir été édifiés entre la seconde moitié du Xe siècle et les premières décennies du XIe siècle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Depuis 2013, en Normandie, quatre édifices ruraux appartenant au Corpus d’églises romanes précoces ont été datés au radiocarbone pour leurs parties les plus anciennes. Il s'agit de l'église Saint-Cyr et Sainte-Julitte à Pierre Ronde, de Saint-Agnan à Calleville, de Saint-Martin à Condé-sur-Risle et de Saint-Christophe à Reuilly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pour Pierre Ronde (Commune du Mesnil-en-Ouche, canton de Bernay, département de l'Eure) les résultats des quatre prélèvements de bois nous permettent de proposer une datation de ces éléments variant entre 944 et 1004 (974 +/- 30 ans).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Concernant, Saint-Agnan à Calleville (Canton de Brionne, département de l’Eure). Trois prélèvements de bois et un de charbon de bois provenant des parties les plus anciennes du mur sud de la nef ont été datés par le laboratoire de Lyon. Trois d’entre eux proposent une fourchette de datation relativement large s’étalant entre la fin du VIIIe siècle et les dernières années du XIe siècle. Un échantillon est sur une plage chronologique plus resserrée entre les débuts du Xe et du XIe siècle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pour Condé-sur-Risle (canton de Pont-Audemer, d</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">épartement de l’Eure</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">), a</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">fin de confirmer les hypothèses émises grâce au travail d'analyses et de relevés des façades et de compréhension du corpus, l'enjeu archéologique était de dater au radiocarbone les parties les plus anciennes de cet édifice.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Ainsi, des prélèvements ont été effectués dans les mortiers extérieurs de la phase la plus ancienne des maçonneries située au niveau des parties inférieures des murs sud et nord de la nef. Ce mode opératoire a été contraint par le fait que les seuls mortiers de construction de la première phase accessibles l'étaient sur les deux premiers mètres de maçonneries. En effet, les parties hautes ayant été rejointoyées et moins soumises au ruissellement des eaux de pluies ne permettaient pas un accès facile et non invasif aux mortiers d'origine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">Après examen des graphiques de de datation des cinq échantillons prélevés, il semble que ceux-ci datent entre 940 et 1020. Ces résultats sont assez proches de ceux obtenus sur les églises de Calleville et Pierre Ronde. En effet, pour Calleville, on peut proposer une datation variant entre 960 et 1025 et pour Pierre Ronde entre 945 et 1034.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pour Reuilly (Canton d'Evreux 2, d</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">épartement de l’Eure</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">), </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">des prélèvements de charbon de bois ont été effectués dans les mortiers extérieurs de la phase la plus ancienne des murs du chœur et de la nef. A l’intérieur, les mortiers ne sont plus accessibles puisqu’ils sont masqués par un enduit ciment datant de la charnière des XIXe et XXe siècles. Ils proviennent des parties basses de l’édifice où les mortiers d’origine sont accessibles. En effet, les parties hautes sont encore enduit d’un mortier dont la datation est trop incertaine et qui est certainement postérieur à la phase de construction la plus ancienne.</span></div>
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Neuf échantillons ont été envoyés pour leur datation au radiocarbone au laboratoire CNRS de Lyon. Ils proviennent des murs de cinq des six façades de l’édifice. Le mur sud de la nef a été exclu de cette campagne car il a été plus fortement remanié que les autres maçonneries de cette église.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 14.85px;">Parmi les nef échantillons envoyés au laboratoire CNRS de datation par le carbone, huit ont pu être datés. Sept d'entre eux ont une datation cohérente et proche s'étalant entre le IXe et le Xe siècle. Un seul prélevé sur le mur sud du chœur donne une datation plus haute entre le VIIe et le VIIIe siècle. Ce dernier provient vraisemblablement d'un réemploi.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px;">Pour le moment, il est possible d'affirmer que les parties les plus anciennes de cette église on été construites avant l'an Mil et ne sont pas antérieures au premières décennies du IXe siècle.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Conclusion.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Dans l’état actuel de nos connaissances, ce type d’église se distingue architecturalement des constructions de la seconde moitié du XIe siècle. Le croisement des indices tels que l’architecture, les sources écrites, la toponymie et les vocables nous permet d’avancer l’hypothèse de bâtiments cultuels construits entre la seconde moitié du Xe siècle et la première moitié du XIe siècle pour la plupart d’entre eux.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Malgré quelques épisodes de guerres, les règnes des souverains normands Richard Ier et Richard II ont été marqués par des périodes de paix et de prospérité favorables aux fondations religieuses et on ne peut imaginer que ces souverains et leurs proches ne se soient intéressés qu’aux seuls grandes fondations monastiques tels que Jumièges, Saint-Ouen, Fécamp ou le Mont-Saint-Michel. D’autre part, comment imaginer que toutes les églises paroissiales aient été construites plus d’un siècle après la fondation de la Normandie ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Les premiers résultats de cette étude, même s'ils sont encourageants, mériteraient d'être affinés par l'archéologie et par des datations au radiocarbone d’autres églises Normande. Ce travail pourrait apporter des éléments déterminants sur l’histoire de la construction d’églises ainsi que sur le peuplement à cette époque du Moyen-Age.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pour les années 2018-2019, il est prévu une étude exhaustive des églises Saint-Martin à Fontaine-la-Soret (Commune de Nassandres-sur-Risle, canton de Brionne, d</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">épartement de l’Eure</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">) et de la Sainte-Trinité à la Trinité-de-Thouberville (Canton de Bourg-Achard, d</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">épartement de l’Eure</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">).</span></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Nicolas Wasylyszyn</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Ingénieur du Patrimoine UDAP 27 - DRAC de Normandie</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Membre associé du Cebtre Michel de Boüard</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Centre de Recherches Archéologiques et Historiques Anciennes et Médiévales</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">UMR 6273 CNRS / Université de Caen Normandie</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">____________________________________________________<br />Notes :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(1) Maylis Baylé, L'architecture normande au Moyen Âge. Dir. M. BAYLÉ, 2 vol., Caen - Condé sur Noireau, Presses universitaires de Caen - Corlet, 1997.<br />(2) Jacques Le Maho, L’abbaye de Jumièges, Monum, éditions du patrimoine, Paris 2001.<br />(3) Christian Sapin, Pascale Chevalier et Christian Sapin, « ANR Corpus architecturae religiosae europeae [CARE], saec. IV-X », Bulletin du centre d’études médiévales d’Auxerre], 13 | 2009.<br />(4) Nicolas Wasylyszyn, « Introduction au colloque, le XVIe centenaire de la mort de Saint-Martin et la christianisation de la Normandie », dans Haute-Normandie Archéologique n°7, Centre de Recherches Archéologiques de Haute-Normandie, Rouen, 2003<br />(5) Jacques Le Maho, Nicolas Wasylyszyn, Saint-Georges-de-Boscherville : 2 000 ans d’Histoire, Groupe de Recherches Archéologiques du Pays de Caux, Association Touristique de l’Abbaye Romane, Rouen, 1998.<br />(6) Nicolas Wasylyszyn, « Saint-Philbert-sur-Risle, fouille du prieuré Saint-Pierre », dans Haute-Normandie Archéologique n°7, Centre de Recherches Archéologiques de Haute-Normandie, Rouen, 2003.<br />(7) Jacques Le Maho, « Quelques jalons pour une étude des débuts de l’iconographie de saint Martin en Haute-Normandie (XIe-XIIe s.) », in Le XVIe centenaire de la mort de saint Martin et la christianisation de la Normandie, Grand-Couronne, 15-16 novembre 1997, Haute-Normandie archéologique, n° 7, 2003, p. 39-46.<br />(8) Marie Fauroux, Recueil des actes des Ducs de Normandie de 911 à 1066, dans Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie tome XXXVI, Caen, 1961.<br />(9) Marie Fauroux, Recueil des actes des Ducs de Normandie de 911 à 1066, dans Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie tome XXXVI, Caen, 1961.</span></div>
Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-84847402441250255542018-01-07T08:02:00.002+01:002018-01-07T11:30:11.075+01:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<h2>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Eglise
Saint-Rémi à Bézu-Saint-Eloi</span></b></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">L’église
Saint-Rémi à Bézu-Saint-Eloi (canton de Gisors) n’a pas retenu, jusqu’alors,
l’attention des historiens de l’art et des archéologues du bâti.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">En effet, cet
édifice est situé dans un environnement ingrat en bordure de la route
départementale 148 : Gisors-Rouen. Par ailleurs, ce bâtiment a été pour le
moins fort remanié, voire défiguré, aux XVIII<sup>e</sup> et XIX<sup>e</sup>
siècles.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Pourtant, cette
église mérite une attention toute particulière tant pour l’histoire du site de
Bézu-Saint-Eloi que pour l’architecture, notamment au niveau de ses parties les
plus anciennes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />
Tout d’abord, le toponyme de Bézu-Saint-Eloi remonte au haut Moyen Age. Par
ailleurs, la nef de cette église a vraisemblablement été construite à l’aube de
l’an Mil.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf-XqXCO3Oq0i6zJkB3cXbQ4ZvDlKL9J9R1Hfr_7LWxZcow6lxcNHjhavIajb9BH5Nd17zveXScmPsGU3ujZ0LBvAe-OMdoWKd2798FPPRng1KAyYERTkK8V1TpEQL9lyKHSf28dR_lWg/s1600/01+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf-XqXCO3Oq0i6zJkB3cXbQ4ZvDlKL9J9R1Hfr_7LWxZcow6lxcNHjhavIajb9BH5Nd17zveXScmPsGU3ujZ0LBvAe-OMdoWKd2798FPPRng1KAyYERTkK8V1TpEQL9lyKHSf28dR_lWg/s640/01+%25282%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Eglise Saint-Rémi à Bézu Saint-Eloi.</span></div>
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<h3>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Bézu-Saint-Eloi : des origines
remontant à la fin du VII<sup>e</sup> siècle</b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">La première
mention de Bézu-Saint-Eloi se trouve sous la forme « Bacivum »
dans un texte du Roi Mérovingien Clovis III ; elle est datée de 691 (1).
Il s’agit d’un document où il est fait mention de propriété de l’Abbaye
Saint-Denis. Dans ce document, on ne peut voir la distinction entre
Bézu-Saint-Eloi ou Bézu-la-Forêt situé 15 km en amont de la Lévrière.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br />
Bézu est de nouveau mentionné à deux reprises en 750 et 775 sous la forme « Bacivo
Supériore » et « Subteriore ». On peut penser, que dès cette
époque, il est fait distinction entre les deux lieux-dits qui deviennent par la
suite Bézu-la-Forêt (« Bacivo Supériore ») et Bézu-le-Long, puis
Bézu-Saint-Eloi (« Bacivo Subteriore ») (2).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Par la suite, en
854, Bézu est de nouveau mentionné dans un autre écrit sans aucune distinction
et cette fois sous la forme de « Basiu » (3).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ces textes nous
prouvent que la vallée de la Lévrière était fortement occupée au cours des
époques mérovingiennes et carolingiennes.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ces documents
montrent la forte présence des souverains francs qui possédaient des domaines
sur ce secteur du Vexin.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">L’Abbaye
Saint-Denis avait également des possessions importantes dans cette vallée. Il
est alors logique que les différents villages situés dans la vallée de la
Lévrière aient des églises ayant des vocables fréquents pour le haut Moyen Age.
On pourrait parmi eux citer : Saint-Martin (Bézu-la-Forêt), Sint-Pierre
(Mainneville), Saint-Denis (Saint-Denis-le-Ferment), Saint-Eloi
(Bézu-Saint-Eloi) et Saint-Rémi (Bézu-Saint-Eloi).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">On peut également
remarquer que, parmi ces vocables, trois saints sont fortement liés aux rois mérovingiens :
Saint-Denis, Saint-Eloi et Saint-Rémi.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Tous ces éléments
nous poussent à penser que le sanctuaire Saint-Rémi à Bézu-Saint-Eloi remonte
vraisemblablement à l’époque mérovingienne.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">On ne trouve pas
de traces de Bézu dans des écrits au cours des X<sup>e</sup> et XI<sup>e</sup>
siècles. Néanmoins, on peut émettre l’hypothèse que c’est dès le XI<sup>e</sup>
siècle que l’Abbaye de la Croix-Saint-Leufroy a reçu en donation des
possessions importantes à Bézu, notamment la présentation de la cure de
l’église Saint-Rémi (4).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Cette abbaye y fonda un prieuré simple qui est
attesté au XII<sup>e</sup> siècle.</span></span><br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>L’église Saint-Rémi de Bézu :
une construction en partie romane précoce</b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">L’église
Saint-Rémi de Bézu a été peu étudiée pour son architecture. En effet, au
premier regard, cet édifice n’attire pas particulièrement l’œil du chercheur. De
plus, sur le plan esthétique, ce bâtiment n’a rien de riche. Malgré tout, cette
église mériterait que l’on s’y attarde davantage, notamment pour sa nef et son
transept, qui ont été vraisemblablement construits au plus tard dans les
premières décennies du XI<sup>e</sup> siècle.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Des récentes
recherches menées dans la région depuis 1997 ont montré qu’un certain nombre
d’églises dataient, ou avaient des parties, remontant à l’aube de l’An 1000.
Pour le département de l’Eure, 42 édifices, ayant les mêmes particularités
architecturales et un certain nombre de caractéristiques, pouvaient avoir été
construits durant la seconde moitié du X<sup>e</sup> siècle ou au début du XI<sup>e</sup>
siècle (5).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">L’une d’entre
elles a pu même être datée par des moyens scientifiques au radiocarbone :
il s’agit de l’église de Pierre Ronde (commune de Beaumesnil). En effet, sur
cet édifice, quatre prélèvements de brindilles et de charbon de bois ont été
effectués dans les maçonneries des parties les plus anciennes. L’analyse du
carbone 14 a donné une datation de 974 plus ou moins 30 ans </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(6).</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg3IyZKg3VFYJ6w-0PaTlr5i3TokTRVvpk0hkXu2-yR0SCDlzWyHlaH7VYAbgDSvjwdfiJZt06Pe8pX8vzXKcOuvzs8hwGUULbRXgHAyRP6Lx39vzyLBxGQpJG_3SbJXRN8Mha5-aqn6Q/s1600/02+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg3IyZKg3VFYJ6w-0PaTlr5i3TokTRVvpk0hkXu2-yR0SCDlzWyHlaH7VYAbgDSvjwdfiJZt06Pe8pX8vzXKcOuvzs8hwGUULbRXgHAyRP6Lx39vzyLBxGQpJG_3SbJXRN8Mha5-aqn6Q/s640/02+%25282%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Façade nord. On remarque le petit appareillage de silex disposés en épi.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Façade sud. En plus des trois hautes fenêtres on distingue derrière la végétation une porte à linteau monolithe surmontée d'une </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">arcature aveugle. Les gros contreforts ont été ajoutés au XVIIIe siècle afin de stabiliser les murs de la nef.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiup13VGttos1LSiw449PW_UATm7Yt2P0zAsnUMEfgZnudILC5DG3eQ_phPlDTzs_BOBkiewHkkE6_WuGV2NuM-jMXkNcyQ85fmQ81dnjx8dziLNqWgPYtIS6JfWTY0iG48JOpGC4tIPxU/s1600/07.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiup13VGttos1LSiw449PW_UATm7Yt2P0zAsnUMEfgZnudILC5DG3eQ_phPlDTzs_BOBkiewHkkE6_WuGV2NuM-jMXkNcyQ85fmQ81dnjx8dziLNqWgPYtIS6JfWTY0iG48JOpGC4tIPxU/s640/07.jpg" width="424" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Fenêtre percée dans le mur nord de la nef. </span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidsCND5heDcPXkV7Y_cinZdkz34T9WgzevthDw_URx8pq78y9R4f-5CCC0RfkT9oxqxWTYjNeOoTdXaBgxmefWuXh5cP7i3C64owKwof_1BlQj4LsRtacc_9l9f64xbP8kMD3VJX4mIE0/s1600/04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidsCND5heDcPXkV7Y_cinZdkz34T9WgzevthDw_URx8pq78y9R4f-5CCC0RfkT9oxqxWTYjNeOoTdXaBgxmefWuXh5cP7i3C64owKwof_1BlQj4LsRtacc_9l9f64xbP8kMD3VJX4mIE0/s640/04.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">Porte rebouchée sur le mur nord de la nef.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Fenêtre rebouchée à la base de la Tour-Clocher. C'est la seule partie romane du clocher.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">En effet, toutes élévations supérieures ont </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">été reconstruites au XIXe siècle.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ces églises que
l’on pourrait nommer préromanes ou romanes précoces ont les caractéristiques
architecturales principales suivantes :</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- Maçonneries
en </span><i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">opus spicatum</i><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> (appareillage en épis) ou des murs faits de petits
moellons réguliers en assise horizontale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- Absence
de contreforts.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- Petites
fenêtres en arc de plein cintre surmontées de petits claveaux réguliers,
parfois même très minces, ou, dans d’autres cas, ces ouvertures sont surmontées
d’un linteau monolithe parfois gravé de faux claveaux.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- Les
matériaux employés sur ces édifices sont dans presque tous les cas issus de
gisements locaux.</span></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h3>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Phase I – XI<sup>e</sup>
siècle</span></b></span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">L’église
Saint-Rémi à Bézu-Saint-Eloi comporte au niveau de sa nef et du transept
plusieurs de ces caractéristiques architecturales. Les parties de cet édifice
sont maçonnées de silex disposés en épis (<i>opus spicatum</i>). Par ailleurs,
ce bâtiment d’une hauteur respectable n’a pas de contreforts. Les fenêtres
hautes, quant à elles, sont en arc de plein cintre et surmontées de petits
claveaux. D’autre part, ces ouvertures n’ont à leur base aucune pierre d’appui.
C’est une constante des édifices construits avant la seconde moitié du XI<sup>e</sup>
siècle.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Le mur nord de la
nef est également percé d’une porte surmontée d’un linteau monolithe en pierre
et d’une arcature aveugle. Ce type d’ouverture se retrouve dans les édifices
religieux dès le haut Moyen Age.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<h3>
<b style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Phase II – XII<sup>e</sup>
siècle</span></b></h3>
<br />
<b style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Le sommet des murs
de la nef a été surmonté d’un bandeau de pierres taillées avec des modillons
sculptés. Malheureusement, la plupart de ces éléments de décoration ont été en
grande partie refaits au XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle.</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<h3>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Phase III – XVIII<sup>e</sup>
siècle</span></b></span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">C’est au milieu du
XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle que la nef a été amputée de sa première travée. C’est
ainsi que toute la façade occidentale a été reconstruite.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">C’est également à
cette époque que la façade sud de la nef fut raidie par de gros contreforts,
certainement pour des raisons de stabilité de l’édifice.</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<h3>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Phase IV – XIX<sup>e</sup>
siècle</span></b></span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Le XIX<sup>e</sup>
siècle a porté d’importants remaniements sur cette église. Ainsi, en 1822,
l’ensemble du chœur fut entièrement reconstruit. Il remplaça alors un
sanctuaire rectangulaire à chevet plat.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">C’est également au
cours du XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle que la tour-clocher a été reconstruite. Seule
la base de la tour du XI<sup>e</sup> siècle fut conservée. Une baie romane
surmontée de claveaux fins trapézoïdaux est encore conservée sur la face sud.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">En 2010, lors d’une
tempête, cette partie de l’église s’est partiellement effondrée.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ces premières
remarques sur l’étude archéologique de l’église Saint-Rémi à Bézu-Saint-Eloi
mériteraient d’être approfondies. Il serait intéressant de réaliser un relevé
du bâti de cet édifice afin d’avoir une meilleure lecture des murs de la nef et
du transept. Par ailleurs, une datation au radiocarbone d’éventuels éléments de
bois prélevés dans les mortiers permettrait d’apporter une chronologie plus
fine de l’époque de construction des parties les plus anciennes de ce bâtiment
cultuel.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">_______________________________________________________________</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(1) Beaurepaire F., <i>Les noms des communes
et anciennes paroisses de l’Eure</i>, Picard, Paris, 1981, p 65-66.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(2) Le Prévost A.,
<i>Mémoires et notes pour servir à l’Histoire du Département de l’Eure</i>,
Evreux 1862, Tome I, p. 340-343.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(3) Beaurepaire
F., <i>Les noms des communes et anciennes paroisses de l’Eure</i>, Picard,
Paris, 1981, p 65-66.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(4) Charles J., de la Comté M.C.et
Lannette C., <i>Répertoire des abbayes et prieurés de l'Eure, </i>Archives
Départementales de l’Eure, Evreux, 1983, P.52.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">(5)
Wasylyszyn N., « Inventaire et observations sur les églises Romanes précoces de
Haute-Normandie (X<sup>e</sup>-XI<sup>e</sup> siècles) », <i>Haute-Normandie
Archéologique</i>, XIII, 2008, p. 36-40.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">(6)
« Inventaire et observations sur les églises Romanes précoces de
Haute-Normandie » : <a href="http://premier-age-roman-normand.blogspot.fr/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration-line: none;">http://premier-age-roman-normand.blogspot.fr/</span></a>.</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-30274296601443285192017-01-27T09:00:00.001+01:002017-01-28T07:53:21.958+01:00<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Eglise Saint-Martin </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>à Neaufles-Saint-Martin</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>(Canton de Gisors - Département de l'Eure).</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129;">Eglise Saint-Martin à Neaufles-Saint-Martin (Canton de Gisors - Département de l'Eure). Cet édifice cultuel bien que très remanié comporte encore quelques éléments intéressants d'architecture romane précoce</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129;"> et notamment une porte dans le mur sud de la nef dont les caractéristiques semblent plus carolingiennes que romanes. </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Cette église est principalement édifiée en <i>opus spicatum</i> et ne comporte malgré sa taille aucun contrefort. </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Les fenêtrés à petit claveaux fins sans pierre d'appui à la base sont également très intéressantes. Elles ressemblent aux ouvertures que l'on retrouve dans les édifices carolingiens ou romans précoces qui ont été édifiées entre le IXe et les premières années du XIe siècle.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-58210109379856372992017-01-27T09:00:00.000+01:002017-01-28T07:53:36.683+01:00<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; margin-bottom: 6px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Eglise Saint-Sylvestre</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>à Saint-Sylvestre-de-Cormeilles </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Canton de Beuzeville - Département de l'Eure).</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Cet édifice religieux a conservé des traces importantes d'architecture romane précoce</span><span style="background-color: white;">. L'intérêt de cette église est notamment ses maçonneries constituées d'une alternance d'appareillage en <i>opus spicatum </i>et de petites pierres de tailles disposées horizontalement.</span></div>
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A noter la présence de petites fenêtres à petits claveaux fins ou à linteaux monolithes gravés.<br />
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Cette église fut lourdement remaniée au XVIe siècle et à l'époque moderne avec l'apport de contreforts et de fenêtres plus larges.</div>
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Un petit regret concernant les joints qui ont été refaits récemment et qui masquent une partie des détails architecturaux.</div>
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Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-6901071491579474502017-01-21T10:30:00.002+01:002017-01-27T07:26:09.682+01:00<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; margin-bottom: 6px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Portes d'Eglises </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>du premier âge roman</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>en Haute-Normandie.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Il existe peu de portes d'églises datant du premier âge roman (Seconde moitié du Xe siècle-première moitié du XIe siècle). En effet, ils ont souvent disparu et ont été remplacés par des portes plus grandes ou sculptées, parfois dès le XIIe siècle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Sur 78 églises romanes précoces recensées en Haute-Normandie, seules 9 d'entre elles ont une porte pouvant dater de leur première phase d<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">e construction : Saint-Médard à Ailly (Eure), Saint-Michel à Bardouville (Seine-Maritime), Saint-Martin à Condé-sur-Risle (Eure), Saint-Pierre à Fains (Eure), </span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Saint-Antonin à Hautot-sur-Seine, </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Saint-Martin à Neaufles-Saint-Martin (Eure), Saint-Georges à Romilly-sur-Andelle (Eure), Saint-Georges à Saint-Georges-Motel (Eure) et Saint-Sulpice à Tosny (Eure).</span></div>
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Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-49914787879506918382017-01-21T10:30:00.001+01:002017-01-27T06:47:36.826+01:00<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; margin-bottom: 6px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Eglises Saint-Sauveur à Sahurs </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>(Canton de Canteleu - Département de la Seine-Maritime)</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">et Saint-Michel à Bardouville </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>(Canton de Barentin - Département de la Seine-Maritime).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Ces deux édifices cultuels, situés sur le territoire de la Métropole de Rouen ont des parties construites aux alentours de l'An Mil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Saint-Sauveur de Sahurs a pour particularité d'avoir des bas-côtés aujourd'hui disparus mais dont subsiste la trace des arcatures. Peu d'églises de cette époque ont des collaté<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">raux hormis l'église Saint-Denis à Duclair (Canton de Barentin - Département de la Seine-Maritime).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Saint-Michel de Bardouville est également un édifice exceptionnel pour une église romane <span class="highlightNode" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(88, 144, 255, 0.298039); padding: 0px 1px;">précoce</span>. Ce bâtiment comporte une fenêtre à linteau monolithe décorée de faux claveaux assez élaborés ainsi qu'un linteau de porte sculpté. Nous avons peu de décors pour les églises romanes précoces. Les seuls exemples sont Saint-Martin au Coudray-en-Vexin (Canton de Gisors - Département de l'Eure) et Saint-Arnoult à Coulonges (Commune de Sylvains-lès-Moulins - Canton de Verneuil-sur-Avre).</span></span></div>
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Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-34196147361132114982017-01-21T10:30:00.000+01:002017-01-27T06:47:55.858+01:00<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; margin-bottom: 6px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Chapelle / Eglise Saint-Antonin </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>à Hautot-sur-Seine </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>(Canton de Canteleu - Département de la Seine-Maritime).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Cet édifice était jusqu'alors considéré comme une construction renaissance pour le chœur et moderne pour la nef. Grâce à Jean-Bernard Seille, Maire d'Hautot-sur-Seine, cette chapelle qui au cours de son histoire fut également une église paroissiale, a pris quelques rides. En effet, il a redécouvert des photographies de madame Fernande Obselin. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">On remar<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">que sur ces clichés qu'avant une restauration de 1961, on pouvait voir, au niveau de la nef de cet édifice, un appareillage calcaire en "Opus spicatum" ainsi qu'une fenêtre romane qui n'est plus visible.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Du passé roman <span class="highlightNode" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(88, 144, 255, 0.298039); padding: 0px 1px;">précoce</span> de ce bâtiment, on peut encore distinguer une porte dans le mur nord qui comporte un linteau-tympan monolithe surmonté d'une arcature en plein cintre.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">A suivre...</span></div>
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Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-34233890541924475542017-01-21T07:35:00.000+01:002017-01-22T07:37:18.100+01:00<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Château d'Ivry-la-Bataille </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">(Département de l'Eure).</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
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Nous avons tendance parfois à trop séparer l'étude
archéologique des châteaux médiévaux de celle des églises de la même époque.
Pourtant les canons de l'architecture sont comparables entre ces types
d'édifices.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Voici l'exemple du Château d'Ivry-la-Bataille (Canton
de Saint-André de l'Eure). Cet édifice, selon les sources écrites (Dudon de
Saint-Quentin et Guillaume de Jumièges), aurait pu être construit à la fin du
Xe siècle. L'architecture de cette Aula édifiée à la charnière des périodes
carolingienne et capétienne est la seule construction civile de cette époque
encore en partie en élévation dnas l'ancienne Haute-Normandie. En revanche, il
existe dans cette région 76 églises dont l'architecture... et les méthodes de
construction sont très comparables. Les datations au carbone 14 faites sur
l'église de Pierre Ronde (Commune de Beaumesnil - Département de l'Eure)
peuvent confirmer que ce château a été édifié dans le dernier tiers du Xe
siècle.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Les parties les plus anciennes de cette forteresse sont
construites en plaquettes calcaires de la vallée de l'Eure disposées en
<i>opus spicatum</i>. Les arcatures des ouvertures sont faites de claveaux
fins avec une alternance de calcaires et de terres cuites architecturales. Nous
retrouvons ainsi les mêmes caractéristiques architecturales que les églises
romanes précoces. A noter la présence des premiers contreforts qui ont pour
particularité d'être composés d'un petit appareillage de pierre calcaire. On
retrouve ce type de dispositif sur l'église Saint-Georges à Saint-Georges-Motel
(Département de l'Eure).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-83660281113437795582017-01-20T07:23:00.000+01:002017-02-26T19:56:54.135+01:00<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 6px; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Eglise de Sainte-Marguerite-en-Ouche</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> (Canton de Bernay - Département de l'Eure).</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Cette église comporte encore quelques parties pouvant dater de la première moitié ou du milieu du XIe siècle : appareillage en <i>opus spicatum</i>, absence de contreforts.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Malheureusement, la restauration des enduits extérieurs a masqué beaucoup de détails architecturaux. Une fois de plus, cela montre la nécessité de consulter des archéologues du bâti lors de restaurations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Autre intérêt de cette église ce sont les décors peints à l'intérieur de l'édifice. J'attire votre attention sur la représentation de la Cène qui date d'époque romane. Les autres peintures remontent aux XVe et XVIe siècles.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">La voûte lambrissée du XVIe siècle est en bon état et n'a pas subi de restaurations intempestives. Ainsi, les décors peints de ce plafond en bois sont dans l'ensemble d'origine et ressemblent fort à ceux de l'église voisine de Pierre Ronde.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Peinture murale représentant "La Cène" sur le mur Nord de la nef (XIe-XIIe siècle).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Vue générale de l'église prise du Sud-Ouest.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Mur sud de la nef.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Vue générale de l'église prise du Nord-Ouest.</span></div>
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Mur Nord de la nef.</div>
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Peintures sur le mur Sud de la nef (XVe siècle). Sont représentés de gauche à droite Saint-Michel, Saint Évêque (?) et Saint-Gilles. </div>
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Faux appareillages peints sur le mur sud de la nef.</div>
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Peintures sur le mur occidental de la nef.</div>
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Modillons en bois peints.</div>
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Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-16691557048937310822017-01-20T07:06:00.001+01:002017-01-21T09:03:24.895+01:00<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Cuverville </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>(Canton des Andelys - Département de l'Eure) : </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>Une église des XIe et XIIe siècles.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">L'église Saint-Pierre à Cuverville avait jusqu'alors attiré l'intérêt des historiens de l'art pour son Chœur édifié au XIIe siècle dans un style roman tardif. C'est notamment pour cette raison que seule cette partie de l'édifice ainsi que le cocher avait été inscrit à l'Inventaire Supplémentaire des Monuments Historiques en 1933. Jusqu'alors, la nef n’avait pas attiré l'attention. Les rares descriptions et analyses architecturales de cette partie de ce bâtiment étaient très laconiques et dataient cette construction d'un remaniement du XVIIIe siècle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Or, des observations nouvelles permises par des recherches récentes sur les édifices romans, nous permettent de penser que la nef de l'église de Cuverville est bien antérieure au chœur et elle peut être rattachée aux constructions romanes précoces construites à l'aube du XIe siècle (1).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>1- Origines de l'église.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">La première mention de l'église de Cuverville est relativement ancienne. En effet, une charte de Robert le Magnifique datée entre 1028 et 1033, nous fait état de la restitution à la Cathédrale de Rouen de douze hôtes et de l’église de Cuverville (Culvertivilla) (2).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Ce texte est très intéressant à plusieurs égards. D’une part, il mentionne l’existence d’une église à Cuverville dès le début du XIe siècle. D'autre part, cette charte confirme la forte implantation de la cathédrale de Rouen dans cette partie occidentale du Vexin et peut-être dès le haut Moyen Age.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Un autre texte contemporain (1028-1033) confirme cette restitution (3).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>2- La nef, une construction romane précoce.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Souvent considérée comme une construction du XVIIIe siècle, la nef de l’église de Cuverville n’a pas retenu l’attention des historiens de l’Art et des archéologues du bâti. Il faut reconnaître que les façades nord et le pignon ouest de cette partie de ce bâtiment ont été complètement remaniés voire défigurés.<br />En revanche le mur sud a conservé des caractéristiques romanes précoces et sa construction est certainement antérieure à celle de chœur et pourrait remonter à la première moitié du XIe siècle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Tout d’abord c’est une construction maçonnée en petits silex disposés en épi (opus spicatum) et en assises régulières horizontales.<br />Par ailleurs ce mur n‘est raidi par aucun contrefort.<br />Enfin, il subsiste encore une petite fenêtre très étroite en arc de plein contre surmontée par un linteau monolithe. Cette ouverture ne dispose à la base d’aucune pierre d’appui.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Ces différentes caractéristiques se retrouvent dans des édifices que nous datons maintenant entre la seconde moitié du Xe et la première moitié du XIe siècle. On peut comparer cette architecture à celle des églises de Pierre Ronde (Commune de Mesnil-en-Ouche, Département de l’Eure) ou de Romilly (Département de l’Eure). Pierre Ronde a été datée par radiocarbone de 974 +/- 30 ans. La construction de Romilly est estimée antérieure à 1040, grâce à la fouille de l’église Saint-Crépin trouvée à proximité.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>3- Le chœur une construction romane tardive rare pour la Normandie.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Le chœur de l’église de Cuverville est assez exceptionnel pour la Normandie. En effet, nous ‘avons que très peu de chevet à trois pans coupés romans pour notre région. En revanche ce type de dispositif est un peu plus fréquent en Ile-de-France ou dans le Vexin Français (Département de l’Oise et du Val-d’Oise).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />On pourrait peut-être y voir une influence française à une époque où le Vexin est alternativement sous domination Normande ou française.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Les chapiteaux du chœur confirment cette influence francilienne et une datation de cette partie de l'église du deuxième quart ou du milieu du XIIe siècle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Nicolas Wasylyszyn<br />________________________________________________</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(1) Nicolas Wasylyszyn, <a href="http://premier-age-roman-normand.blogspot.fr/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #365899; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://premier-age-roman-normand.blogspot.fr/</a>…/inventaire-e…<br />(2) Marie Fauroux, Recueil des Actes des ducs de Normandie (911-1066), Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, Caen, 1961, Texte 66, pp. 197-201.<br />(3) Marie Fauroux, Recueil des Actes des ducs de Normandie (911-1066), Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, Caen, 1961, Texte 67, pp. 201- 203.</span></div>
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Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-16459046647031168422017-01-15T10:26:00.000+01:002017-01-20T07:39:14.374+01:00<div style="margin-bottom: 6px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129;">Les églises romanes précoces </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1d2129;">surélevées</span></span></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1d2129;">aux XIIe-XIIIe siècles</span></span></span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></div>
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Eglises des Bottereaux, de Fontaine-la-Soret, de Valletot et de Calleville (Département de l'Eure).</div>
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Ces édifices cultuels ruraux construits vers l'an mil ont comme caractéristique commune d'avoir été surélevée aux XIIe ou au XIIIe siècle et d'avoir été repercée de fenêtres plus grandes.</div>
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On peut penser que c'est pour des questions d'économies que les hommes de l'époque ont agrandi certaines églises sur des constructions antérieures.</div>
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Cette thématique a l’intérêt de mettre en valeur les différentes phases de ces constructions. Par ailleurs, cela apporte des éléments intéressants sur l’évolution du peuplement et de la démographie entre l'an mil et les XIIe et XIIIe siècles.</div>
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Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-86017258455042644582017-01-15T10:25:00.000+01:002017-01-28T08:03:14.661+01:00<div style="margin-bottom: 6px; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Eglises préromanes et romanes précoces </span></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">du Pays d'Ouche.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">En 1997, un pré-inventaire des édifices dédiés à Saint-Martin, réalisé dans le cadre du XVIe centenaire de ce saint, avait mis en valeur le caractère précoce de plusieurs églises par rapport aux canons de l’architecture de la seconde moitié du XIe siècle. Sur les bases de ce premier travail, un inventaire plus large a été réalisé sur les églises présentant des archaïsmes architecturaux en Haute-Normandie. Ce corpus regroupe actuellement soixante-dix-huit églises, identifiées comme romanes précoces.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Par des recoupements architecturaux, toponymiques, topographiques et sur les vocables avec des édifices datés dans d'autres régions, on pouvait déjà avancer l’hypothèse que les églises concernées par ce corpus ont été construites entre la seconde moitié du Xe et le début du XIe siècle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Des datations récentes au radiocarbone réalisées sur des fragments de bois prélevés dans les mortiers de l'église Saint-Cyr et Sainte-Julitte à Pierreronde, commune du Mesnil-en-Ouche (Eure), semblent confirmer cette hypothèse.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cette église située dans le Pays d'Ouche, au sud de Bernay comporte des parties intéressantes au niveau des murs Sud et Nord de la nef avec notamment un appareillage en opus spicatum et des petites baies à linteau monolithe gravée de faux claveaux. Ces caractéristiques architecturales sont typiques de ces édifices cultuels ruraux qui furent construit dans les débuts du duché de Normandie avant le règne du duc Guillaume le Bâtard.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Le Pays d'Ouche, région située au sud-ouest du département de l'Eure et qui déborde sur le nord de l'Orne, a conservé un nombre non négligeable de petites églises rurales dont l'architecture est semblable à Pierreronde. C'est l'un des secteurs de Haute-Normandie les plus riches en édifices romans précoces. On pourrait citer entre autres : les Bottereaux, Champignoles, Francheville, Granchain, Gouttières, Montreuil-l'Argilée, Rubremont, Rugles, Saint-Agnan de Cernières, Saint-Pierre-du-Tilleul-en-Ouche, Verneusses, ...</span></div>
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Avec plus de douze églises romanes précoces recensées, le Pays d'ouche et ses abords représente près du quart des édifices de ce corpus dans le Département de l'Eure.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Voici une sélection de ces édifices anciens dont l'esthétique architecturale n'est certes pas toujours remarquable mais dont l'ancienneté et l'histoire font la richesse.</span></div>
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Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-73902641351948195712017-01-15T09:57:00.000+01:002017-01-16T06:21:21.463+01:00<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; margin-bottom: 6px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Eglise Notre-Dame à Montaure</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b>(Canton de Pont-de-l'Arche, Département de l'Eure).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Cet édifice est mentionné dès le premier quart du XIe siècle comme possession de l'abbaye Saint-Ouen de Rouen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Jusqu'alors, nous pensons que les parties les plus anciennes de cette église ont été construites vers le milieu du XIe siècle. Néanmoins, certains détails architecturaux pourraient peut-être indiquer que cet édifice est un peu plus ancien.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Le clocher est la pièce maîtresse de cet ensemble.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">C'est à n'en pas douter l'une des tours d'église les plus anciennes de Normandie. A noter que tous les murs de cet édifice ont conservé des parties du XIe siècle malgré les nombreux remaniements.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Une étude en archéologie du bâti serait bien nécessaire afin de bien mettre en évidence les différentes phases de cet édifice majeur de l'architecture romane du Département de l'Eure.</span></div>
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Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-53574497557982538902015-03-05T21:30:00.000+01:002017-01-22T08:22:14.238+01:00<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><strong>Inventaire et observations sur les églises </strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><strong>
Romanes précoces de Haute-Normandie</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>
(Xe-XIe
siècles).<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">L’architecture romane précoce de Haute-Normandie a depuis
longtemps retenu l’attention de nombreux historiens de l’art et archéologues qui
ont défini les critères remarquables de ces édifices (1). Récemment, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>les travaux de Jacques Le Maho et Jim Morganstern
(2) sur l’église de Saint-Pierre de Jumièges ont permis d’avancer sur ce sujet
en reculant la date d’édification de ce monument du XIe au IXe siècle. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ces recherches sur l’architecture et l’art
préroman sont menées également en Bourgogne, en Champagne et dans les Pays de
Loire sous la direction de Christian Sapin (3).</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">En 1997, un pré-inventaire des édifices dédiés à
Saint-Martin, réalisé dans le cadre<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>du XVIe
centenaire de ce saint, avait mis en valeur le caractère précoce de plusieurs
églises par rapport aux canons de l’architecture <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>de la seconde moitié du <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>XIe siècle (4). Sur les bases de ce premier travail,
un inventaire plus large a été réalisé sur les églises présentant des
archaïsmes architecturaux en Haute-Normandie.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ce corpus regroupe actuellement quarante deux églises, identifiées comme
romanes précoces, dans l’attente de datation par C14. L’objet de cet article
est de présenter un résumé de ces travaux d’inventaire et des problématiques
qui s’en dégagent. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Les caractéristiques architecturales des églises romanes précoces.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<o:p><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">L’appareillage
des maçonneries de ces églises<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>est
généralement constitué d’un petit appareillage de silex ou de moellons calcaires.
Ces matériaux sont souvent disposés en <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">opus
spicatum</i> comme les églises Saint-Martin à Civières (canton d’Ecos, Eure)
et<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saint-Chistophe à Reuilly (canton
d’Evreux Nord, Eure). Dans quelques cas, on observe des appareillages en <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">opus reticulum</i> avec des pastoureaux ou petits
moellons calcaires comme à l’église Saint-Pierre à Courdemanche (canton de
Nonancourt, Eure) et<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>à l’église
Saint-Georges à Quessigny (canton de Saint-André de l’Eure, Eure), avec parfois
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>des alternances de lits de briques comme
les églises Saint-Martin à Condé-sur-Risle (canton de Montfort-sur-Risle,
Eure), Notre-Dame-d’outre-l’Eau à Rugles (Chef-lieu de canton, Eure),
Saint-Martin à Coudray-en-Vexin (canton d’Etrépagny, Eure) et Saint-Georges à
Saint-Georges-Motel (canton de Nonancourt, Eure).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Détail des maçonneries du chevet de l'église Notre-Dame d'Outre l'Eau à Rugles. Alternance de petits moellons calcaires et de briques. Ces matériaux sont certainement gallo-romains et proviennent sans doute d'un édifice antique qui a été retrouvé à cet emplacement.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Détail de l’angle sud-est
de l’église Saint-Georges à Saint-Georges-Motel. On remarque au niveau du
chaînage d’angle une alternance de pierres calcaires et de briques.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Détail du mur nord de
l’église Saint-Georges à Quessigny. On remarque la régularité de l’appareillage
en petits moellons sur la partie basse du mur (Photographie : Pierre
Roussel, Archéo 27).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Détail
de la maçonnerie en <i>opus spicatum </i>de l’église Saint-Christophe à
Reuilly (Eure).</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span></a><br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ces
églises ont toutes comme particularité de n’avoir aucun contrefort d’origine
bien que pour les plus petites cela ne soit pas nécessairement un indice de
datation. En revanche, pour les plus grandes comme celles de Saint Martin à
Cailly (canton de Clères, Seine-Maritime), Saint-Martin à Neaufles-Saint-Martin
(Canton de Gisors, Eure) ou Saint-Georges à Saint-Georges-Motel (Canton de
Nonancourt Eure), cette absence peut être un indice de précocité par rapport
aux édifices romans postérieurs au milieu du XIe siècle comme l’église de
Saint-Jean d’Abbetot (Commune de la Cerlangue, canton de
Saint-Romain-de-Colbosc,Seine-Maritime) ou les collégiales Saint-Georges à
Saint-Martin-de-Boscherville (canton de Duclair, Seine-Maritime), fouillée par
Jacques Le Maho (5) et Saint-Pierre à Saint-Philbert-sur-Risle (canton de
Montfort-sur-Risle, Eure), fouillée par Isabelle Cartron et Nicolas Wasylyszyn
(6).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ces
édifices religieux sont souvent percés de petites fenêtres en plein cintre
surmontées soit de claveaux très fins, plus étroits que ceux églises romanes,
soit d’un linteau monolithe, gravé de faux claveaux dans la plupart des cas.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fenêtre à fins claveaux à sur l'église Saint-Martin à Condé-sur-Risle.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr-e0fS8wSH66x-1u7s8E5CpxPJNUz0Xzsp2Z5DBU_Vnp3gTAtDqMSp_uD9ISaJszLTzXd9iXghfSc2xSkcvjnMvBBtVRdhtQoLMZ9-KdTTBU_xEbSARXHzBK9Cu5Xe4g-Z8Z-QFAo_Cs/s1600/saintlefroy04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr-e0fS8wSH66x-1u7s8E5CpxPJNUz0Xzsp2Z5DBU_Vnp3gTAtDqMSp_uD9ISaJszLTzXd9iXghfSc2xSkcvjnMvBBtVRdhtQoLMZ9-KdTTBU_xEbSARXHzBK9Cu5Xe4g-Z8Z-QFAo_Cs/s1600/saintlefroy04.jpg" width="480" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fenêtre
à fins claveaux à sur le église Saint-Pierre à<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>La Croix-Saint-Leufroy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCDpTE0XME4x6A53n7kfU6hoBZs6mTE5ib9vaO3FkSgRulE2cVBwqMR9YnKiwzAPaf3ss_dGj_1gzoCGiLRRn6WYj18-IpVdXo3bgYXfBPsPgV28C6JIAC5jupw5eMcaQVkZ6Q0QwVNCY/s1600/100_0368.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCDpTE0XME4x6A53n7kfU6hoBZs6mTE5ib9vaO3FkSgRulE2cVBwqMR9YnKiwzAPaf3ss_dGj_1gzoCGiLRRn6WYj18-IpVdXo3bgYXfBPsPgV28C6JIAC5jupw5eMcaQVkZ6Q0QwVNCY/s1600/100_0368.jpg" width="480" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Porte
à fins claveaux dans le mur sud de la nef de l’église Saint-Martin à
Neaufles-Saint-Martin.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuJMdbx6hyphenhyphen96WiAQbuLHofRBQAo1L4i8YPcz-t5mAOEd-nZCRjkyC3WWDWDp3Wq3F3HP6MpiOxv67Ad2xqK-yxBfwwFZ9Eh7_J0QNEZqMVnvVYFVUo1qmo96WVXLauYGsDTtCghIoeUeQ/s1600/IMGP1036.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuJMdbx6hyphenhyphen96WiAQbuLHofRBQAo1L4i8YPcz-t5mAOEd-nZCRjkyC3WWDWDp3Wq3F3HP6MpiOxv67Ad2xqK-yxBfwwFZ9Eh7_J0QNEZqMVnvVYFVUo1qmo96WVXLauYGsDTtCghIoeUeQ/s1600/IMGP1036.JPG" width="480" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fenêtre à linteau monolithe à l'église Saint-Martin de Boissy-sur-Damville.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2yPAYdDZv4IQCnzt-jjYCIrw6mUY-4C5m5RWTWcbK9zEnuuIgoTt1VOgUevTYrr19Y5AD_Dx5PLojnX4aF5dX1KKbZo-E017MGTiftwbAKx_cuuFmXTU6cuv2odbM0i6pK35klJDIe1k/s1600/000_0039.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2yPAYdDZv4IQCnzt-jjYCIrw6mUY-4C5m5RWTWcbK9zEnuuIgoTt1VOgUevTYrr19Y5AD_Dx5PLojnX4aF5dX1KKbZo-E017MGTiftwbAKx_cuuFmXTU6cuv2odbM0i6pK35klJDIe1k/s1600/000_0039.jpg" width="480" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fenêtre à linteau monolithe gravé de Faux claveaux à l'église Saint-Martin de Fontaine-la-Soret.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqJ4kafUN10oN5DzNHowLBMoOEZCu-AhtNihiJ7VSbDHPYK7tIdEWd-Vlc45RA-stMr2nJH6cvKJsE96tFdxxatr6YNDR1TeBMv4degc8lRx2PkQl3eiCM3MIeXmmyLjqFMDtZhsgdgNQ/s1600/IMG_0817.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqJ4kafUN10oN5DzNHowLBMoOEZCu-AhtNihiJ7VSbDHPYK7tIdEWd-Vlc45RA-stMr2nJH6cvKJsE96tFdxxatr6YNDR1TeBMv4degc8lRx2PkQl3eiCM3MIeXmmyLjqFMDtZhsgdgNQ/s1600/IMG_0817.JPG" width="480" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Fenêtre à linteau monolithe gravé de Faux claveaux à l'église Saint-Michel de Bardouville.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Nous
n’avons presqu’aucun élément sculpté pour les églises considérées, hormis le
cas exceptionnel de Saint-Martin au Coudray-en-Vexin qui possède une pierre
d’angle sculptée sur deux faces, représentant deux scènes de la vie de Saint
Martin (7). A cet exemple nous pouvons ajouter les exemples des églises de
Bardouville qui comporte un linteau de porte sculpté et Coulonges à Sylvains-les-moulins
et ses linteaux de fenêtres décorés.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5qWU8fGh8SF2wD5YJT4HRUTztQXmFiV79c2L7tWEnIHaUqXGp1YVVkBoUOOEBxvOLmabOH5VuOTXakOMIyL7mD-rswN8CFQxQN9Et2WKOR8NDiL36sWGWjzqLUq_YNsrlfbw-z0qxN7I/s1600/coudray.TIF" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5qWU8fGh8SF2wD5YJT4HRUTztQXmFiV79c2L7tWEnIHaUqXGp1YVVkBoUOOEBxvOLmabOH5VuOTXakOMIyL7mD-rswN8CFQxQN9Et2WKOR8NDiL36sWGWjzqLUq_YNsrlfbw-z0qxN7I/s1600/coudray.TIF" width="532" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Pierre sculptée sur le chaînage d'angle sud-ouest de l'église Saint-Martin au Coudray-en-Vexin.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scène représentant vraisemblablement une scène de la vie de Saint-Martin</span>.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPGO9BDx9T_UzjzU7_VM-ej8YSaxz2qs__Msn4mH6hBElcuAwoqUVnpmdMB7bu__6ce7JhuNYKj0c7a2w72S2g_i6iHOEOmW26Wg-jXlDBhxhPeQM1iR3aRK_zR1r3lXjEU26y8R_9g6c/s1600/IMG_0830.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPGO9BDx9T_UzjzU7_VM-ej8YSaxz2qs__Msn4mH6hBElcuAwoqUVnpmdMB7bu__6ce7JhuNYKj0c7a2w72S2g_i6iHOEOmW26Wg-jXlDBhxhPeQM1iR3aRK_zR1r3lXjEU26y8R_9g6c/s1600/IMG_0830.JPG" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Linteau de porte sculptée, façade nord de l'église Saint-Michel à Bardouville.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWbVuLwl9zDQm22tvkv0IpHXAKg29bEb8t1ZQDaqyOiuTS3Qektpyvj6SKwb2jaenly2Sh6vvdOb_y6ZyOy0Fd8IKVo41OUljsTnsATHECsZvVBtX5MBClB_kmWlqgDGmqPqrZpbX-feE/s1600/IMG_0188.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWbVuLwl9zDQm22tvkv0IpHXAKg29bEb8t1ZQDaqyOiuTS3Qektpyvj6SKwb2jaenly2Sh6vvdOb_y6ZyOy0Fd8IKVo41OUljsTnsATHECsZvVBtX5MBClB_kmWlqgDGmqPqrZpbX-feE/s1600/IMG_0188.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Linteau de fenêtre sculpté à l'église de Coulonges (Commune de Sylvains-lès-Moulins).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cela peut représenter la crucifixion de Jésus.</span> </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Concernant
le plan de ces édifices, nous remarquons que ces bâtiments sont majoritairement
composés d’une nef rectangulaire à un vaisseau unique, prolongée soit par un chœur
plus étroit à chevet plat, comme à Saint-Chistophe à Reuilly, soit par une
abside semi-circulaire, comme pour l’église Saint-Georges à Saint-Georges-Motel.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Les rares transept de ces édifices ont
été ajoutés après le XIIe siècle comme les églises Saint-Martin au
Coudray-en-Vexin (canton d’Etrépagny, Eure), Saint-Martin à Civières (canton
d’Ecos, Eure). Seules les églises de Cailly (canton de Clères, Seine-Maritime)
et de Dampierre (Canton de Gournay, Seine-Maritime) semblent être dès l’origine
dotées d’un transept formant ainsi un plan en croix latine.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Fk_TAC4NgxNwzH4qET34r-3TNCpNmLeBvQwIH0qNLR4J8UmjvdJ_0Ga79kAIsNL1Kos4pa-m2lHEoKvw3jsECxTkYx27_xxg79dPpjTcYmNPgdvUiEDuY3FiHT9DbLcEjsHdO6PWPv4/s1600/saint-georges07.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Fk_TAC4NgxNwzH4qET34r-3TNCpNmLeBvQwIH0qNLR4J8UmjvdJ_0Ga79kAIsNL1Kos4pa-m2lHEoKvw3jsECxTkYx27_xxg79dPpjTcYmNPgdvUiEDuY3FiHT9DbLcEjsHdO6PWPv4/s1600/saint-georges07.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Chevet
Semi-circulaire de l’église Saint-Georges<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>à Saint-Georges-Motel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO-DzX2qrk9abN1JfxcQURMfztGLgNBHhFCgCYRBJynqBDH9RO6-ekI4bj4W-73ivh9gcZy2gb1-O-_qx8kud2xbdj4EIZobOrpcrBuaiYVclqu_0iS3pgPKLwoMb0bsRVT3cSgghLKy4/s1600/100_0218.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO-DzX2qrk9abN1JfxcQURMfztGLgNBHhFCgCYRBJynqBDH9RO6-ekI4bj4W-73ivh9gcZy2gb1-O-_qx8kud2xbdj4EIZobOrpcrBuaiYVclqu_0iS3pgPKLwoMb0bsRVT3cSgghLKy4/s1600/100_0218.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Chevet
plat<i> </i>de l’église Saint-Christophe à Reuilly.</span></div>
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<h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">La question de la datation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">- Les sources écrites.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Les textes de la période
antérieure à Guillaume le Conquérant sont rares et ne parlent que très peu des
constructions d’édifices cultuels. Quelques églises parmi celles concernées par
notre étude sont bien mentionnées dans des textes du début du XIe siècle comme
Saint-Pierre à Dampierre (canton Gournay, Seine-Maritime), mentionnée avant 986
(8), Saint-Martin à Coudres (canton de Saint-André-de-l’Eure, Eure), mentionnée
en 1013 (9) ou Notre-Dame à la Ferté (commune de la Ferté Saint-Samson, canton
de Forges-lès-Eaux, Seine-Maritime), mentionnée en 1047 (10). Mais ces écrits
ne nous donnent aucune description nous permettant d’affirmer que nous sommes
en présence de l’édifice actuel.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Le
seul édifice dont la construction est mentionnée dans un texte antérieur à l’an
mil est l’église de Saint-Georges-Motel. Une charte de 965 mentionne en effet l’édification
d’un bâtiment cultuel Saint Georges sur cette localité (11) au moment où
celui-ci est donné à l’Abbaye Saint-Père de Chartres (Eure-et-Loir). En raison
des caractéristiques architecturales de cette église et compte tenu de cette
source écrite, on est en droit de se poser la question de son origine et d’une
datation de la seconde moitié du Xe siècle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">-
Les vocables et les toponymes.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Les vocables d’églises et
les toponymes ne sont pas des moyens de datation fiables même s’ils peuvent
donner, en revanche, des indications sur l’ancienneté de la paroisse. Ainsi, la
plupart des vocables des édifices attribués au roman précoce sont en général attestés
dès le haut Moyen Âge. Les dédicaces les plus fréquentes sont Saint-Martin,
Saint-Pierre et Notre-Dame. Nous trouvons également pour ces églises des
vocables tels que Saint-Georges ou Saint-Étienne.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Cette remarque est
également vraie pour les toponymes des sites d’implantation de ces églises. Ils
sont souvent d’origine latine gallo-romaine comme Condé-sur-Risle, Quessigny,
Reuilly et Cailly ou germanique comme Courdemanche. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">- Les datations par radiocarbone.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Depuis quelques années des chercheurs comme Christian Sapin et Daniel Prigent ont réalisé des datations au radiocarbone à partir de charbons de bois ou de bois prélevés dans les mortiers d'églises ayant les mêmes caractéristiques architecturales que celles abordées dans cet article.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ces analyses ont donnés des résultats montrant que ces édifices cultuels pouvaient avoir été édifiés entre la seconde moitié du Xe siècle et les premières décennies du XIe siècle.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">En Haute-Normandie, un seul édifice a pu être daté. Il s'agit de l'église Saint-Cyr et Sainte-Julitte à Pierre Ronde (Commune de Beaumesnil). Les résultats des quatre prélèvements de bois ont donné une datation de ces éléments variant entre 974 et 1030. Il serait nécessaire afin de confirmer ces résultats d'effectuer de nouvelles datations sur d'autres édifices.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm25RLjUj_h9362Uu4WPDmtNbaMPy1o3aiHbxkIwOMuk3ERo3q25VMo9OojscF51F9XD-d4qVMnKYHy6iTutjVuoVxvCTqcxD7eOs626PU4XrTlOq5hWztiUPBaJEqGbAGjW_xzqkCddY/s1600/pierrerondenordpetit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm25RLjUj_h9362Uu4WPDmtNbaMPy1o3aiHbxkIwOMuk3ERo3q25VMo9OojscF51F9XD-d4qVMnKYHy6iTutjVuoVxvCTqcxD7eOs626PU4XrTlOq5hWztiUPBaJEqGbAGjW_xzqkCddY/s1600/pierrerondenordpetit.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtu8dLUVRwM_d39Yf-xT5ifRO0mmtIUGH_MjJQfqPue8QPaHf_BZDldxFSAdoJDjSFgHc47iQLstqmoVWxrEVpElSsolpR_kCIKHnzgPsuP0TNinKahsrksPbnpuVkJoriAAdfSIqEj4Q/s1600/pierrerondesudpetit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtu8dLUVRwM_d39Yf-xT5ifRO0mmtIUGH_MjJQfqPue8QPaHf_BZDldxFSAdoJDjSFgHc47iQLstqmoVWxrEVpElSsolpR_kCIKHnzgPsuP0TNinKahsrksPbnpuVkJoriAAdfSIqEj4Q/s1600/pierrerondesudpetit.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Conclusion.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dans l’état actuel de nos
connaissances, ce type d’église se distingue architecturalement des
constructions de la seconde moitié du XIe siècle. Le croisement des indices
tels que l’architecture, les sources écrites, la toponymie, les vocables et les datations au radiocarbone d'éléments de bois dans les mortiers nous
permet d’avancer l’hypothèse de bâtiments cultuels construits entre la seconde
moitié du Xe siècle et la première moitié du XIe siècle pour la plupart d’entre
eux. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Malgré quelques épisodes
de guerres, les règnes des souverains normands Richard Ier et Richard II ont
été marqués par des périodes de paix et de prospérité favorables aux fondations
religieuses et on ne peut imaginer que ces souverains et leurs proches ne se
soient intéressés qu’aux seuls grandes fondations monastiques tels que
Jumièges, Saint-Ouen, Fécamp ou le Mont-Saint-Michel. D’autre part, comment
imaginer que toutes les églises paroissiales aient été construites plus d’un
siècle après la fondation de la Normandie ?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Les premiers résultats de cette étude, même s'ils sont encourageants mériteraient d'êtes affinés par l'archéologie et par d'autres datations au radiocarbone.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nicolas Wasylyszyn<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><br /></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Attaché de Conservation du
Patrimoine<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Groupe de Recherche
Archéologique du Pays de Caux.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">_______________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Notes :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(<span style="font-size: x-small;">1)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Maylis Baylé, </span><i>L'architecture normande au Moyen Âge. </i>Dir. M. BAYLÉ, 2 vol., Caen - Condé sur Noireau,
Presses universitaires de Caen - Corlet, 1997.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jacques Le Maho, <i>L’abbaye
de Jumièges</i>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Monum, éditions du
patrimoine, Paris 2001.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Christian Sapin, <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pascale Chevalier et Christian </span></strong><span class="familyname"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sapin</span></span>, « ANR Corpus architecturae religiosae europeae
[CARE], saec. IV-X », <em>Bulletin du centre d’études médiévales d’Auxerre</em>],
13 | 2009.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nicolas Wasylyszyn,
« Introduction au colloque, le XVIe centenaire de la mort de Saint-Martin
et la christianisation de la Normandie », dans <i>Haute-Normandie
Archéologique n°7, </i>Centre de Recherches Archéologiques de Haute-Normandie,
Rouen, 2003<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(5)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jacques Le Maho, Nicolas
Wasylyszyn, <i>Saint-Georges-de-Boscherville : 2 000 ans d’Histoire, </i>Groupe
de Recherches Archéologiques du Pays de Caux, Association Touristique de
l’Abbaye Romane, Rouen, 1998.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(6)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Nicolas Wasylyszyn,
« Saint-Philbert-sur-Risle, fouille du prieuré Saint-Pierre », dans <i>Haute-Normandie
Archéologique n°7, </i>Centre de Recherches Archéologiques de Haute-Normandie,
Rouen, 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(7)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jacques Le Maho, <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(8)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marie Fauroux, <i>Recueil des actes des Ducs
de Normandie de 911 à 1066, </i>dans Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de
Normandie tome XXXVI, Caen, 1961.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(<span style="font-size: x-small;">9)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: x-small; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Marie Fauroux, <i>Recueil
des actes des Ducs de Normandie de 911 à 1066, </i>dans Mémoires de la Société
des Antiquaires de Normandie tome XXXVI, Caen, 1961.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(10)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Marie Fauroux, <i>Recueil
des actes des Ducs de Normandie de 911 à 1066, </i>dans Mémoires de la Société
des Antiquaires de Normandie tome XXXVI, Caen, 1961.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(11)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Marie Fauroux, <i>Recueil
des actes des Ducs de Normandie de 911 à 1066, </i>dans Mémoires de la Société
des Antiquaires de Normandie tome XXXVI, Caen, 1961.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Eglise Saint-Pierre à Beuvreuil (Commune de Dampierre (en-Bray).</span></div>
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Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-31097247307981058582015-03-01T10:20:00.000+01:002017-01-22T08:42:51.946+01:00<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Eglise Saint-Georges à Saint-Georges-Motel (Département de l'Eure).</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Mentionnée en 965 dans une charte de 965 publiée dans le <em>Recueil des actes des ducs de Normandie</em> de Marie Fauroux. Dans ce texte il est fait mention de la donation à l'Abbaye de Saint-Père de Chartres de l'Eglise Saint-Georges et de sa construction en pierre.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbeJaZRHBOViVOtagXLk5_sgtaMpt5SH3-n-mlk9eYGEwBn8neK6ig93YEfFzPNuzTmLHDl1hYWv5NE2a5akkRG_eAlS3VzaeeHhGX_SkmSxWzT7_CgpZj3wJUAkN7_1ijUvm1iBGOpGI/s1600/saint-georges08.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbeJaZRHBOViVOtagXLk5_sgtaMpt5SH3-n-mlk9eYGEwBn8neK6ig93YEfFzPNuzTmLHDl1hYWv5NE2a5akkRG_eAlS3VzaeeHhGX_SkmSxWzT7_CgpZj3wJUAkN7_1ijUvm1iBGOpGI/s1600/saint-georges08.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Même si ce texte ne mentionne peut-être pas la construction encore
conservée, cet édifice est intéressant pour son petit appareillage et la
présence de deux portes avec des arcatures de claveaux fins. A remarquer que les
murs de la nef sont raidis par des contreforts atypiques maçonnés en petit
appareillage. Ce type de contreforts plus décoratifs qu'architectoniques se retrouve
dans des constructions du val de Loire édifiées aux alentours de l'An Mil. </span></span><br />
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<span class="text_exposed_show"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;">On remarque des terres cuites architecturales dans les chaînages d'angles et de nombreux réemplois de moellons gallo-romains dans les maçonneries de cet édifice</span>.</span></span></span><br />
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<span class="text_exposed_show" style="color: black; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Autre intérêt architectural de cette église ce sont les deux portes dont les arcatures sont faites de petits claveaux fins très réguliers.</span><br />
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<span class="text_exposed_show"></span>Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-56566337388102217692015-03-01T08:07:00.005+01:002017-01-26T17:36:24.420+01:00<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Eglise Saint-Martin à Coudray-en-Vexin</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">(</span><span style="font-size: large;">Département de l'Eure).</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Cet édifice cultuel situé dans le Vexin en bordure de la Forêt de Lyons a certainement été édifié à l'aube de l'an mil. C'est l'un des rares exemples d'églises de cette époque à avoir des décors sculptés. A remarquer notamment deux représentations de saint Martin. L'une est la célèbre scène du partage du manteau, l'autre représente saint Martin cassant les idoles. On relève également sur cet édifice des réemplois gallo-romains.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br />Enfin, cette église a pour particularité d'avoir une crypte.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgphIesaXqL3q7lBOgab3K-wfGWfDLu5y5_3t_bbs-FLCiCoink0S1Ll1riERyIeR_czav_t7yjMBq4N99GySTJqbkb0cO9uldAy_dX7jqUy8N_RmFiblukhvZuSExrBW54Z06WDWNTwKI/s1600/1798104_10153093261979349_6744458220873023224_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgphIesaXqL3q7lBOgab3K-wfGWfDLu5y5_3t_bbs-FLCiCoink0S1Ll1riERyIeR_czav_t7yjMBq4N99GySTJqbkb0cO9uldAy_dX7jqUy8N_RmFiblukhvZuSExrBW54Z06WDWNTwKI/s1600/1798104_10153093261979349_6744458220873023224_n.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Façade occidentale</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Fenêtre percée dans la partie haute de la façade occidentale. Cette ouverture est surmontée d'un linteau plat monolithe au dessus duquel se trouve une arcature en plein cintre avec des claveaux fins. Cette fenêtre est assez comparable aux ouvertures que l'on trouve sur des édifices antique ou du Haut Moyen Age. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdEyYHNV1F1sdUDTjONEkCH5AIZsWxHTbwzbyFfNL6WnM90bJmVxXsDmbq0mb6UkfiayBfv0twMGGSCikpd8YCd7DJqWBFxBR_vo6jFNuoI_d4AbapptV-VmcsJgb-ln45U-GSDB9PWFs/s1600/10987689_10153093262654349_3200703764615154736_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdEyYHNV1F1sdUDTjONEkCH5AIZsWxHTbwzbyFfNL6WnM90bJmVxXsDmbq0mb6UkfiayBfv0twMGGSCikpd8YCd7DJqWBFxBR_vo6jFNuoI_d4AbapptV-VmcsJgb-ln45U-GSDB9PWFs/s1600/10987689_10153093262654349_3200703764615154736_n.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Mur nord de la nef. La partie occidentale peut être attribuée à la première phase de construction de cet édifice. C'est une maçonnerie de petits moellons de silex appareillés par endroit en<em> opus spicatum.</em> On remarque par endroit l'emploi de terre cuite architecturale. Il peut s'agir de réemploi d'époque gallo-romaine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Arcature rebouchée à l'emplacement d'un croisillon nord du transept qui semble avoir été supprimé à la fin du Moyen Age.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Imposte à la base de l'arcature du croisillon nord du transept. Ce dernier est ressemblant aux impostes carolingiens.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Détail de l'imposte à la base de l'arcature du croisillon nord du transept. Décor de bâton brisé primitif. Ce type d'ornement apparu au Haut Moyen Age se rencontre ensuite au XIIe siècle notamment sur les arcature de portes et fenêtres.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Pierre de réemploi à l'angle nord-ouest de l'église comportant une inscription latine gallo-romaine. Il s'agit certainement d'un élément d'un monument antique.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Pierre sculpté à l'angle sud-ouest de la nef (face ouest). Ce décor représente vraisemblablement la scène de la vie de saint Martin où l'évêque de Tours casse les idoles.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Pierre sculpté à l'angle sud-ouest de la nef (face ouest). Ce décor représente vraisemblablement la scène du célèbre partage du manteau.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Crypte située sous le chœur de l'église. Celle-ci est certainement une crypte funéraire privée. En effet, elle ne dispose que d'une entrée contrairement à ce type de structure qui devaient recevoir des reliques et des pèlerinages. </span></div>
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Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5797071031825092420.post-1824089546935152972015-02-27T21:17:00.004+01:002017-01-29T08:56:18.039+01:00<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">L’église Saint-Philibert à Villez-sous-Bailleul,</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">un exemple d’architecture</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">préromane
ou romane précoce<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">L’architecture
préromane ou romane précoce de Haute-Normandie a depuis longtemps retenu
l’attention de nombreux historiens de l’art et archéologues qui ont défini les
critères remarquables de ces édifices (1). Récemment, les travaux de
Jacques Le Maho et Jim Morganstern (2) sur l’église de Saint-Pierre de Jumièges
ont permis d’avancer sur ce sujet en reculant la date d’édification de ce
monument du XIe au IXe siècle. Ces recherches sur l’architecture et
l’art préroman sont menées également en Bourgogne, en Champagne et dans les
Pays de Loire sous la direction de Christian Sapin (3).</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">En
1997, un pré-inventaire des édifices dédiés à Saint-Martin, réalisé dans le
cadre du XVIe centenaire de ce saint, avait mis en valeur le
caractère précoce de plusieurs églises par rapport aux canons de
l’architecture de la seconde moitié du XIe siècle (4).
Sur les bases de ce premier travail, un inventaire plus large a été réalisé sur
les églises présentant des archaïsmes architecturaux en Haute-Normandie. Ce
corpus regroupe actuellement soixante dix huit églises, identifiées comme
préromanes ou romanes précoces.</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">L’église
Saint-Philibert à Villez-sous-Bailleul constitue un exemple de ce type
d’édifice. Celle-ci a été retenue dans l’étude sur les édifices religieux
préromans et romans précoces de Haute-Normandie sur les indications de Pierre
Roussel, Président des Amis des Monuments et Sites de l’Eure</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Quelques
éléments historiques et toponymiques.</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">La première mention de Villez-sous-Bailleul date de 1025
dans une charte de Richard II (7) qui confirme la donation ou la restitution
par ses ancêtres à l’Abbaye de Saint-Ouen des paroisses de Villez, Bailleul,
Réanville et Saint-Pierre-la-Garenne. C’est pour cette raison que la vallée
située à proximité de ces villages est mentionnée dans différents textes
médiévaux sous le nom de Val Saint-Ouen. Ce texte montre également l’ancienneté
de ces villages dont la fondation remonte au moins à l’aube du XIe siècle ou
même au Haut Moyen-Age s’il s’agit de restitution faite suite aux incursions
scandinaves. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Cette ancienneté peut-être également confirmée par le nom de
lieu Villez qui vient du bas latin<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Villare<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></i>qui est une forme dérivée de<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Villa</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(8). Quant à Bailleul, ce nom vient
d’un mot latin tardif d’origine gauloise<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Balliolum</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>qui signifie cour ou enclos (9).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Le vocable Saint-Philibert ne nous apprend rien sur
l’ancienneté de cette paroisse. En effet, nous disposons de peu de comparaisons
avec d’autres églises portant ce nom. Pour les autres cas nous ne pouvons
remonter guère avant le XIe siècle. Il est difficile dans l’état actuel de nos
connaissances de dire si dès le Haut-Moyen-Age ce vocable fut donné à des
édifices cultuels ou ce nom fut attribué après les incursions scandinaves au
gré des pérégrinations des reliques de Saint-Philibert</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial-ItalicMT; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Vue générale de l’église prise du sud</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Description
architecturale.</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Cette
église se compose d’une nef, d’un clocher situé dans le prolongement de la nef,
d’un transept et d’un chœur à chevet plat. Dans cette étude seule la nef est
abordée puisque c’est le seul élément de cet édifice qui fut construit en
architecture préromane ou romane précoce. La tour clocher a été édifiée au XVIe
siècle ainsi que le transept et le chœur. La curiosité de cet édifice est le
fait que la tour clocher ne soit pas située à la croisée du transept
mais entre la nef et ce dernier.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">La nef est la partie la
plus ancienne de cette église. Celle-ci comporte par endroit une maçonnerie en <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">opus spicatum</i> (en
arête de poisson) assez régulière en pierre de taille calcaire. Du mur sud il
n’en reste qu’une petite partie à l’est. Aucune ouverture d’origine n’a été
conservée. La partie occidentale a été totalement refaite peut-être lors du
raccourcissement de l’église au XIXe siècle.</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4hYt8iPmjdOYqKSbJmzxx1nd-ir6P7wXLtQDHD_RYG-hK_tvhXDQdeMduAH8RukPaSNVTwlXsmRDL6x1brP3HsbvoP5VyS2lGNQdu25sOBEsaswdFsFpHJTK2Hr_ynbWv_qebrwebbi0/s1600/IMG_2813.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4hYt8iPmjdOYqKSbJmzxx1nd-ir6P7wXLtQDHD_RYG-hK_tvhXDQdeMduAH8RukPaSNVTwlXsmRDL6x1brP3HsbvoP5VyS2lGNQdu25sOBEsaswdFsFpHJTK2Hr_ynbWv_qebrwebbi0/s1600/IMG_2813.JPG" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial-ItalicMT;"><span style="font-family: Arial-ItalicMT;">Mur Sud de la nef. Seule la partie la plus orientale comporte un appareillage en </span></span><em>opus spicatum</em>. La partie occidentale semble avoir été reconstruite</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><em>Opus spicatum </em>sur la partie orientale du mur sud de la nef.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">En effet, cette
église a été amputée d’au moins une travée lors de l’élargissement de la
voirie. Le mur occidental a été réédifié avec de nombreux réemplois sculptés.
Certains constituaient les éléments du portail occidental qui appartient
certainement à une seconde phase de cet édifice. Ceux-ci datent du début du
XIIe siècle étant donné les décors en bâtons brisés.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhQXB2Gp2yXTXaZ5AaQaYi0txXveNDWRzaWywWYBYBnthrfQAROcARlSpO6eOaPKDU4Pp35ZdbY5C9CQxhTFSNtmT5eJgunp9312vCpjlNaGAWxl1DyPlDw3Fhyphenhyphent_ih71NmhkGj7GSNR4/s1600/IMG_3763.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhQXB2Gp2yXTXaZ5AaQaYi0txXveNDWRzaWywWYBYBnthrfQAROcARlSpO6eOaPKDU4Pp35ZdbY5C9CQxhTFSNtmT5eJgunp9312vCpjlNaGAWxl1DyPlDw3Fhyphenhyphent_ih71NmhkGj7GSNR4/s1600/IMG_3763.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvx1Lwq9HxgS_v_1y5igMIUOhNAoY7wG7-Wun8os6NGa04bDJh-xaPcSEB9hXcIRQD4Kfepd216sSArM2RUxrVm7mtvrw2d1aHWS8OVIWX8mYKzSB9YOEtFMxPi0phak_mkYm93LgfuA/s1600/IMG_3764.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvx1Lwq9HxgS_v_1y5igMIUOhNAoY7wG7-Wun8os6NGa04bDJh-xaPcSEB9hXcIRQD4Kfepd216sSArM2RUxrVm7mtvrw2d1aHWS8OVIWX8mYKzSB9YOEtFMxPi0phak_mkYm93LgfuA/s1600/IMG_3764.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSlyYrtuSszIsXsQqZSQIGJxcKViGcHwLxITAcWyGAa_DiN2R_iedjumMMs9AHZXXanKG5gY7yXYQQtOtElZHcy6W1u_dO3Ea2Cb4hX3D9WAl2DD5Slj3sYtx8yAgWY8WpaaEgszepVgA/s640/IMG_3758.jpg" width="640" /> <br />
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Eléments de réemplois sculptés dans le mur occidental de la nef. Ces éléments de décors datent du début du XIIe siècle et témoignent d’une seconde phase de construction de cet édifice. Ils furent réutilisés lors de la reconstruction de la façade occidentale de la nef quand l'église fut raccourci au XIXe siècle.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Le mur nord de
la nef est mieux conservé. Dans sa majeure partie il se compose d’un
appareillage en <i>opus spicatum</i>. Seule son extrémité occidentale a
été refaite lors du raccourcissement de l’église. Ce mur comporte également une
fenêtre haute rebouchée. Cette petite ouverture est en arc de plein cintre avec
un linteau monolithe gravé de faux claveaux.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Détail de la petite fenêtre haute percée dans le mur nord de la nef. On distingue également le linteau monolithe gravé de faux claveaux.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">La
question de la datation.</span></b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Dans
l’état actuel de nos connaissances, ce type d’église se distingue
architecturalement des constructions de la seconde moitié du XIe siècle. Le
croisement des indices tels que l’architecture, les sources écrites, la
toponymie et les vocables nous permet d’avancer l’hypothèse de bâtiments
cultuels construits entre la seconde moitié du Xe siècle et la première moitié
du XIe siècle pour la plupart d’entre eux.</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Malgré
quelques épisodes de guerres, les règnes des souverains normands Richard Ier et
Richard II ont été marqués par des périodes de paix et de prospérité favorables
aux fondations religieuses et on ne peut imaginer que ces souverains et leurs
proches ne se soient intéressés qu’aux seuls grandes fondations monastiques
tels que Jumièges, Saint-Ouen, Fécamp ou le Mont-Saint-Michel. D’autre part,
comment imaginer que toutes les églises paroissiales aient été construites plus
d’un siècle après la fondation de la Normandie ? Par ailleurs la
simplicité de l’architecture ce ces édifices peut s’expliquer par un besoin
urgent d’édifier des églises suite à l’épisode des incursions vikings de la
seconde moitié du IXe siècle et du début du Xe siècle.</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Depuis
quelques années, des chercheurs comme Christian Sapin et Daniel Prigent ont
réalisé des datations au radiocarbone à partir de charbons de bois ou de bois
prélevés dans les mortiers d'églises ayant les mêmes caractéristiques
architecturales que celles abordées dans cet article.</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ces
analyses ont donné des résultats montrant que ces édifices cultuels pouvaient
avoir été édifiés entre la seconde moitié du Xe siècle et les premières
décennies du XIe siècle.</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Depuis
2013, en Normandie, deux édifices ruraux appartenant au Corpus d’églises
romanes précoces ont été datés au radiocarbone pour leurs parties les plus
anciennes. Il s'agit de l'église Saint-Cyr et Sainte-Julitte à Pierre Ronde
(Commune du Mesnil-en-Ouche, Canton de Bernay, Département de l’Eure). Les
résultats des quatre prélèvements de bois nous permettent de proposer une
datation de ces éléments variant entre 944 et 1004 (974 +/- 30 ans).</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Le
second exemple est l’église Saint-Agnan à Calleville (Canton de Brionne,
Département de l’Eure). Trois prélèvements de bois et un de charbon de bois
provenant des parties les plus anciennes du mur sud de la nef ont été datés par
le laboratoire de Lyon. Trois d’entre eux proposent une fourchette de datation
relativement large s’étalant entre la fin du VIIIe siècle et les dernières
années du XIe siècle. Un échantillon est sur une plage chronologique plus
resserrée entre les débuts du Xe et du XIe siècle.</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Il
faut signaler que Pierre Ronde et Calleville ont des caractéristiques
architecturales très proches de Saint-Philibert à Villez-sous-Bailleul.</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJZYIdQYdnTlg9APt0SKDWZTYGeke4VbYVl6PEFAdQ3JQVfekC5FsJjIY8d0uety9YdBAFNVRg3x5PGolDy0c_t5A4zkjxdCvKBm706GC_GYxoztSRZxnba8U1IFQRrQGwLDMCAcAC-Gc/s1600/Sans+titre-1+copie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJZYIdQYdnTlg9APt0SKDWZTYGeke4VbYVl6PEFAdQ3JQVfekC5FsJjIY8d0uety9YdBAFNVRg3x5PGolDy0c_t5A4zkjxdCvKBm706GC_GYxoztSRZxnba8U1IFQRrQGwLDMCAcAC-Gc/s1600/Sans+titre-1+copie.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Relevé du mur nord de la nef. </span></div>
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<br />
<b>Nicolas Wasylyszyn</b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Notes
:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(1)
Maylis Baylé, <i>L'architecture normande au Moyen Âge. </i>Dir. M. BAYLÉ, 2
vol., Caen - Condé sur Noireau, Presses universitaires de Caen - Corlet, 1997.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(2)
Jacques Le Maho, <i>L’abbaye de Jumièges</i>, Monum, éditions du patrimoine,
Paris 2001.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(3)
Christian Sapin, Pascale Chevalier et Christian Sapin, « ANR Corpus
architecturae religiosae europeae [CARE],<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">saec.
IV-X » , <i>Bulletin du centre d’études médiévales d’Auxerre</i>], 13 | 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(4)
Nicolas Wasylyszyn, « Introduction au colloque, le XVIe centenaire de la mort
de Saint-Martin et la christianisation de la Normandie » , dans <i>Haute-Normandie
Archéologique n°7, </i>Centre de Recherches Archéologiques de Haute-Normandie,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Rouen,
2003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(5)
Jacques Le Maho, Nicolas Wasylyszyn, <i>Saint-Georges-de-Boscherville : 2 000
ans d’Histoire, </i>Groupe de Recherches Archéologiques du Pays de Caux,
Association Touristique de l’Abbaye Romane, Rouen, 1998.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(6)
Nicolas Wasylyszyn, « Saint-Philbert-sur-Risle, fouille du prieuré Saint-Pierre
», dans <i>Haute-Normandie Archéologique n°7, </i>Centre de Recherches
Archéologiques de Haute-Normandie, Rouen, 2003.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(7)
Marie Fauroux, <i>Recueil des actes des Ducs de Normandie de 911 à 1066, </i>dans
Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie tome XXXVI, Caen, 1961,
Texte 53, pp. 168-173.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(8)
François de Beaurepaire, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les noms des
communes et anciennes paroisses de l’Eure</i>, Picard, Paris, 1981, p. 209.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(9)
François de Beaurepaire, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les noms des
communes et anciennes paroisses de l’Eure</i>, Picard, Paris, 1981, p. 186<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Nicolas Wasylyszyn - Premier âge roman en Normandiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12658468185997382376noreply@blogger.com0